The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (75 page)

6.
Paul Ries, ‘The Anatomy of a Seventeenth-Century Newspaper’,
Daphnis
, 6 (1977), pp. 171–232; idem, ‘Der Inhalt der Wochenzeitungen von 1609 im Computer’,
Deutsche Presseforschung
, 26 (1987), pp. 113–25.

7.
Weber, ‘Strassburg 1605’, p. 398.

8.
Karl Heinz Kremer,
Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645. Kaiserlicher und koniglich-schwedischer Postmeister zu Frankfurt am Main
(Bremen: Lumière, 2005); idem, ‘Johann von den Birghden, 1582–1645’,
Archiv für deutsche Postgeschichte
(1984), pp. 7–43.

9.
Listed in Bogel and Blühm,
Deutschen Zeitungen
, no. 5.

10.
Ibid., no. 15.

11.
Ibid., no. 16.

12.
In this respect Meyer's decision to call his second weekly issue, started in 1630, also
Postzeitung
, was a definite and unnecessary provocation.

13.
Thus, in the case of Meyer's
Wöchentliche Zeitung auss mehrerley örther
, the Tuesday edition was given the title
Prima
, and the Thursday edition,
Wöchentliche Zeitung
. See Bogel and Blühm,
Deutschen Zeitungen
, no. 15.

14.
Folke Dahl,
Dutch Corantos, 1618–1650: A Bibliography
(The Hague: Koninklijke Bibliotheek, 1946); Folke Dahl,
The Birth of the European Press as
Reflected in the Newspaper Collection of the Royal Library
(Stockholm: Rundqvists Boktryckeri, 1960).

15.
Folke Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre of Western Europe: New Contributions to the History of the first Dutch and French Corantos’,
Het Boek
, XXV (1939), III, pp. 161–97, with a reproduction of this issue from the copy in Stockholm Royal Library. See also D. H. Couvée, ‘The First Couranteers – The Flow of the News in the 1620s’,
Gazette
, 8 (1962), pp. 22–36.

16.
This means that in cases where copies of both printings survive, they are likely to exhibit small typographical differences. Dahl,
Dutch Corantos
, pp. 20–23, with reproductions of the copies in the Royal Library in Stockholm and the Mazarine Library in Paris.

17.
Dahl,
Dutch Corantos
, pp. 23–6.

18.
Dahl, ‘Amsterdam, Earliest Newspaper Centre’, pp. 190–91.

19.
Ibid., pp. 185–6.

20.
On advertising see ibid., pp. 161–98, and Chapter 14 below.

21.
Michiel van Groesen, ‘A Week to Remember: Dutch Publishers and the Competition for News from Brazil, 26 August–2 September 1624’,
Quaerendo
, 40 (2010), pp. 26–49.

22.
Paul Arblaster, ‘Current Affairs Publishing in the Habsburg Netherlands, 1620–1660’ (Oxford University DPhil dissertation, 1999); Leon Voet, ‘Abraham Verhoeven en de Antwerpse pers’,
De Gulden Passer
, 31 (1953), pp. 1–37. See also, most recently, Stéphane Brabant,
L'imprimeur Abraham Verhoeven (1575–1652) et les débuts de la presse ‘belge‘
(Paris: A.E.E.F, 2009).

23.
See Christiaan Schuckman,
Hollstein's Dutch and Flemish Etchings, Engravings and Woodcuts, ca. 1450–1700
, vol. XXXV (Roosendaal: van Poll, 1990), pp. 217–26, nos 2–5.

24.
The text of the privilege is given in Brabant,
Verhoeven
, p. 281.

25.
Illustrated in Dahl,
The Birth of the European Press
, p. 18.

26.
Augustus, 1621, 112.
Tijdinghe wt Weenen, ende hoe dat het doodt lichaem … van Bucquoy, binnen … Weenen op chrijschmaniere … is ghebrocht, ende in baren ghestelt, inde kercke vande minimen
. Copies in Antwerp, Heritage Library: B 17885: II, 112, and London, British Library: PP.3444 af (269).

27.
Paul Arblaster,
Antwerp and the World: Richard Verstegen and the International Culture of Catholic Reformation
(Louvain: Louvain University Press, 2004).

28.
As demonstrated in Andrew Pettegree, ‘Tabloid Values: On the Trail of Europe's First News Hound’, in Richard Kirwan and Sophie Mullins (eds),
Specialist Markets in the Early Modern Book World
(Leiden: Brill, 2014).

29.
Quoted Paul Arblaster, ‘Policy and Publishing in the Habsburg Netherlands, 1585–1690’, in Brendan Dooley and Sabrina Baron (eds),
The Politics of Information in Early Modern Europe
(London: Routledge, 2001), p. 185.

30.
Lisa Ferraro Parmelee,
Good Newes from Fraunce
:
French Anti-League Propaganda in Late Elizabethan England
(Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1996).

31.
I. Atherton, ‘The Itch Grown a Disease: Manuscript Transmission of News in the Seventeenth Century’, in Joad Raymond,
News, Newspapers, and Society in Early Modern Britain
(London: Cass, 1999). For the career of one particular newsletter agent, see William S. Powell,
John Pory, 1572–1636: The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1976).

32.
Folke Dahl, A
Bibliography of English Corantos and Periodical Newsbooks, 1620–1642
(London: Bibliographical Society, 1952), nos 1–16 (with illustrations). The printer was Joris Veseler, the same man who had printed the Dutch edition for van Hilten. Dahl,
Birth of the European Press
, p. 29. See STC 18507.1–17.

33.
Dahl,
Birth of the European Press
; STC 18507.18–25 (Amsterdam: Jansz.; or London for Thomas Archer). STC 18507.29–35 (London: N. Butter).

34.
STC 18507.35–81.

35.
Dahl,
Bibliography
, nos 80 ff.

36.
Illustrated Dahl,
Birth of the European Press
, p. 30.

37.
Nicholas Brownlees,
Corantos and Newsbooks: Language and
Discourse
in the First English Newspapers
(1620–1641) (Pisa: Ets, 1999); Nicholas Brownlees,
The
Language of Periodical News in Seventeenth-Century England
(Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2011).

38.
C. John Sommerville,
The News Revolution in England:
Cultural Dynamics of Daily Information
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 26.

39.
Ibid.

40.
An example in Jason Peacey and Chris R. Kyle,
Breaking News: Renaissance Journalism and the Birth of the Newspaper
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. 55: ‘I send you here enclosed the Currantos that are come out since my last letter, which is in effect all our present foreign news.’

41.
Michael Frearson, ‘The Distribution and Readership of London Corantos in the 1620s’, in Robin Myers and Michael Harris (eds),
Serials and their
Readers, 1620–1914
(Winchester: St Paul's Bibliographies, 1993), p. 17.

42.
Thomas Cogswell, ‘“Published by Authoritie”: Newsbooks and the Duke of Buckingham's Expedition to the Ile de Ré’,
Huntington Library Quarterly
, 67 (2004), pp. 1–26, here p. 4.

43.
In the original: ‘1. To settle a way when there shall be any revolt or back sliding in matters of religion or obedience (which commonly grows with rumours among the vulgar) to draw them in by the same lines that drew them out, by spreading among them such reports as may best make for that matter to which we would have they drawn. 2. To establish a speedy and ready way whereby to disperse in the veins of the whole body of a state such matter as may best temper it, and be most agreeable to the disposition of the head and principal members. 3. To devise means to raise the spirits of the people and to quicken their concepts. … It extends the sense by degrees to the concept of the right rules of reason, whereby they are wrought easily to obey those which by those rules shall command them.’ Powell,
Pory
(1976), p. 52.

44.
See here the brilliant article by Thomas Cogswell, ‘“Published by Authoritie”’.

45.
Ibid., p. 14.

46.
Frearson, ‘London Corantos’, p. 3.

47.
Jayne E. E. Boys,
London's News Press and the Thirty Years War
(Woodbridge: Boydell, 2011).

48.
Jeffrey K. Sawyer,
Printed Poison: Pamphlet Propaganda, Faction Politics, and the Public Sphere in Early Seventeenth-Century France
(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990).

49.
Christian Jouhaud, ‘Printing the Event: From La Rochelle to Paris’, in Roger Chartier (ed.),
The Culture of Print:
Power and Uses of Print in Early Modern Europe
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989), pp. 290–333.

50.
Dahl,
Birth of the European Press
, pp. 23–4.

51.
See the article by Gilles Feyel in Jean Sgard,
Dictionnaire des Journaux 1600–1789
(Paris: Universitas, and Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 1991), pp. 967–70.

52.
Howard M. Solomon,
Public Welfare, Science, and Propaganda in Seventeenth-Century France: The Innovations of Théophraste Renaudot
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972); Christian Bailly,
Théophraste Renaudot: un homme d'influence au temps de Louis XIII et de la Fronde
(Paris: Le Pré aux Clercs, 1987).

53.
Gilles Feyel,
L'annonce et la nouvelle. La presse d'information en France sous l'ancien régime (1630–1788)
(Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2000), pp. 131–90.

54.
Solomon,
Public Welfare
, p. 126.

55.
Ibid., p. 129; see also idem, ‘The
Gazette
and Antistatist Propaganda: The Medium of Print in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century’,
Canadian Journal of History
, 9 (1974), pp. 1–17.

56.
Feyel,
L'annonce et la nouvelle
, pp. 476–503.

57.
The standard work is C. Moreau,
Bibliographie des Mazarinades
(Paris: Société de l'histoire de France, 1850–51), though this makes only the most rudimentary attempt to distinguish between different editions of the same title.

58.
Remerciment des imprimeurs a monseigneur le Cardinal Mazarin
(N. Boisset, 1649), p. 4; Moreau,
Mazarinades
, no. 3,280.

59.
Avis burlesque du cheval de Mazarin à son maître
(Paris: veuve Musnier, 1649); Moreau,
Mazarinades
, no. 494.

60.
Moreau,
Mazarinades
, nos 811–835 (
Courier
), 1,466–1,472 (
Gazette
), 1,740–1,764 (
Journal
), 2,451–2,457 (
Mercury
).

61.
Le gazettier des-interressé
(Paris: Jean Brunet, 1649), sig. B2r; Moreau,
Mazarinades
, no. 1,466.

62.
Moreau,
Mazarinades
, no. 830.

63.
Ibid., I, pp. 249–50, for the identification of Eusèbe and Isaac Renaudot as publishers of the
Courier
. See now H. Carrier,
La Presse de la Fronde (1648–1653): les Mazarinades
(Paris: Droz, 1989), I, 188–189 and note 605.

64.
Moreau,
Mazarinades
, no. 718.

65.
Below, Chapter 11; Stéphane Haffemayer,
L'information dans la France du XVIIe siècle: La Gazette de Renaudot de 1647 à 1663
(Paris: Champion, 2002).

66.
Filippo de Vivo,
Information and
Communication in Venice: Rethinking Early Modern Politics
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).

67.
Quoted Brendan Dooley,
The Social History of Skepticism: Experience and Doubt in Early Modern Culture
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 34.

68.
Ibid., Filippo de Vivo, ‘Paolo Sarpi and the Uses of Information in Seventeenth-Century Venice’,
Media History
, 11 (2005), pp. 37–51.

69.
Dooley,
Skepticism
, p. 54.

70.
Examples of profits from ibid., p. 42.

71.
Ibid., p. 46.

Chapter 10 War and Rebellion