The Passport in America: The History of a Document (54 page)

31
. William Williams, “Annual Report, 1909,” Box 5, William Williams Papers, New York Public Library (NYPL).

32
. Salyer,
Laws Harsh as Tigers
, 147.

33
. Clothing, however, did offer the possibility of fraud. If officials suspected this, an immigrant could be asked to disrobe to reveal the “reliable” evidence of a disease or deformity a body was presumed to offer. On at least one occasion officials demanded disrobing to see if a person’s sex matched the sex suggested by their clothing (Erica Rand,
The Ellis Island Snow Globe
[Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2005], 76).

34
. William Williams, “Confidential Memo on Report,” Box 5, William Williams Papers, NYPL.

35
. Joseph H. Senner, “How We Restrict Immigration,”
North American Review
158 (1894): 498.

36
. “Ellis Island Scrapbook” (dated December 3, 1902), 22, William Williams Papers, NYPL.

37
. Williams to Cmr.-Gen. of Immigration, August 29, 1903, William Williams Papers, Box 1, NYPL.

38
. William Williams to Messers Vernon H Brown and Co., May 5, 1903, William Williams Papers, Box 1, NYPL.

39
. Williams, “To The Owners of Steamships,” August 23, 1902, RG 85 53438/15, National Archives.

40
. “Ellis Island Scrapbook,” 8, William Williams Papers, NYPL.

41
. U.S. Bureau of Immigration,
Annual Report of the Commissioner General of Immigration to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor
(Washington, DC: GPO, 1913), 181.

42
. Williams, “As to Manifests and Cabin Inspection,” October 20, 1902, RG 85 53438/15, National Archives.

43
. Ibid.; “Ellis Island Scrapbook,” 19, William Williams Papers, NYPL.

44
. William Williams, “Ellis Island, Its Organization and Some of Its Work,” 40, December 1912, William Williams Papers, Box 5, NYPL.

45
. “Rules for the U.S. Immigrant Station at Ellis Island, February 1912” in Unrau,
Ellis Island
, 475.

46
. Benjamin Friedman to William Williams, May 9, 1910, William Williams Papers, Box 2, NYPL.

47
. Andrew Gyory,
Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998); Salyer,
Laws Harsh As Tigers
, 6–17.

48
. Mary Roberts Coolidge,
Chinese Immigration
(New York: H. Holt, 1909), 169.

49
. Adam McKeown,
Melancholy Order: Asian Migration and the Globalization of Borders
(New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 144–48.

50
. Erika Lee,
At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration During the Exclusion Era, 1882–1943
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); McKeown,
Melancholy Order
.

51
. Lau,
Paper Families
, 95.

52
. Amendment to Exclusion Act, 1884, quoted. in Kitty Calavita, “The Paradoxes of Race, Class, Identity, and ‘Passing’: Enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Acts, 1882–1910,”
Law and Social Inquiry
25 (2000): 21.

53
. Lee,
At America’s Gates
, 79–80.

54
. Lau,
Paper Families
, 96.

55
. Lee,
At America’s Gates
, 84–85; McKee,
Chinese Exclusion
, 123.

56
. Calavita, “Paradoxes of Race,” 24.

57
. Ibid., 23.

58
. Ibid., 25. While Calavita’s examples are from the turn of the century, Lee cites two examples of the privileging of the body over documents from 1912 and 1917 (Lee,
At America’s Gates
, 89–90).

59
. McKeown,
Melancholy Order
, 145;
In re Low Yam Chow
, 13 F. 609, 612–15 (1882);
In re Cheen Heong
21 F. 793 (1884);
In re Tung Yeong
19 F. 184–90 (1884).

60
. Lee,
At America’s Gates
, 175.

61
. Ibid., 162.

62
. Department of Commerce and Labor,
Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, 1905
, (Washington D.C: Government Printing Office), 95.

63
. Lee,
At America’s Gates
, 79–80.

64
. The commissioner of immigration for San Francisco, quoted in Calavita, “Paradoxes of Race,” 14–15.

65
. Lau,
Paper Families
, 105.

66
. Ibid., 36–41, 67, 71, 93, 99–100, 115–30.

67
. Ibid., 99–100.

68
. McKeown,
Melancholy Order
; Lau,
Paper Families
.

69
. Raymond A. Esthus,
Theodore Roosevelt and Japan
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1966), 129, 161.

70
. Esthus,
Theodore Roosevelt and Japan
, 146. For further discussion of events leading up to the Gentlemen’s Agreement, see Roger Daniels,
Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850
(Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988), 116–123; and Roger Daniels,
The Politics of Prejudice, the Anti-Japanese Movement in California, and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion
(Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1966), 37.

71
. Daniels,
Asian America
, 126; Eithne Luibhéid,
Entry Denied: Controlling Sexuality at the Border
(Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002), 55–76.

72
. Daniels,
Asian America
, 130–31; Luibhéid,
Entry Denied
, 73–75.

73
. For a discussion of the status of Chinese as U.S. citizens, see Salyer,
Laws Harsh as Tigers
, 94–116.

74
. Metcalf to Root, October 25, 1905, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives. See also letters of July 18, 1903 and July 22, 1903, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives.

75
. Root to Metcalf, October 7, 1905, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives.

76
. Metcalf to Root, October 23, 1905, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives; Memo. re issuance of passports to Chinese persons, October 10, 1905, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives.

77
. Metcalf to Root, October 25, 1905, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives.

78
. Lee,
At America’s Gates
, 107.

79
. “Notice Concerning Manifesting of United States Citizens And Inspection of Cabin Passengers,” April 11, 1912, RG 85 98524/88, National Archives.

80
. Ibid.; Williams to Keefe, December 30, 1912, RG 85 98524/88, National Archives; Keefe to Williams, January 3, 1913, RG 85 98524/88, National Archives; Williams to Nth. German Lloyd Steamship Co., July 8. 1912, RG 85 98524/88, National Archives.

81
. Root to Metcalf, November 15, 1905, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives; Circular “Passports for Persons of the Chinese Race Born in the United States,” November 20, 1905, RG 85 52088/64, National Archives.

82
. Straus to Bacon, February 19, 1909, RG 85, 52088/64, National Archives.

83
. Ibid.; Bacon to Straus, May 1, 1909, RG 85, 52088/64, National Archives.

84
.
New York Times
, “Keeping Tab on Immigrants,” March 29, 1909;
New York Times
, “For Aliens’ Finger Prints,” October 25, 1913.

85
. C. F. Goodrich, “Brand Alien Felons,”
New York Times
, March 5, 1913; C. F. Goodrich, “Foreign Convicts,”
New York Times
, October 3, 1913.

86
. “Inspector in Charge” to “Commissioner of Immigration,” January 22, 1914, RG 85 5438/15, National Archives.

C
HAPTER
10

1
.
New York Sun
, “W. K. Vanderbilt Tries To Identify Himself,” October 20, 1915.

2
.
New York Sun
, “First Passport Issued President,” November 28, 1918.

3
. Flournoy to Johnson, December 24, 1914, RG 59 138.28/1 Box 66, National Archives.

4
. John Torpey,
The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship, and the State
(Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 155.

5
. Executive Order No. 2285, December 15, 1915.

6
. Flournoy to Phillips, March 1, 1917, RG 59 138/417, National Archives.

7
.
New York Times
, “Lack of Passports Holds Up Americans,” June 25, 1915;
New York Times
, “Seventeen Americans Held,” June 26, 1915.

8
.
Washington Post
, “Hard To Get U.S. Passports,” March 5, 1916.

9
.
New York Times
, “Americans Ignore British Passport Rules,” June 24, 1915.

10
. Secretary of Commerce to Gen.-Manager, Holland-America Line, June 5, 1917, RG 59 138/609, National Archives; Secretary of Commerce to Secretary of State, August 31, 1917. RG 59 138/609, National Archives.

11
. House Committee on Foreign Affairs,
Control of Travel From and Into the United States
:
Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs
, 65th Cong., 2nd sess., February 18, 1918, 5, 6.

12
. Gregory to Lansing, August 18, 1917, RG 59 811.111/583, National Archives.

13
. Lansing to Gregory, September 19, 1917, RG 59 811.111/583, National Archives.

14
. House Committee on Foreign Affairs,
Control of Travel
, 36.

15
. Ibid., 26.

16
. Ibid., 3.

17
. Secretary of War to Secretary of State, October 22, 1917, RG 59 811.111/871, National Archives.

18
. House Committee on Foreign Affairs,
Control of Travel
, 27.

19
.
Washington Post
, “Takes His Passports,” September 10, 1915;
Washington Post
, “Her Passports Suspected,” January 17, 1915.

20
. House Committee on Foreign Affairs,
Fees Charged for Passports and for Viséing Foreign Passports: Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs
, 66th Cong., 2nd sess., February 3, 4, 7, 1920, 24.

21
. Lansing to Secretary of Treasury, March 25, 1918, RG 59 811.111/4687a Box 13, National Archives.

22
. Flournoy to Secretary of State, October12, 1917, RG 59 811.111/927, National Archives.

23
. Secretary of Treasury to Secretary of State, February 19, 1917, RG 59 138/415, National Archives; Secretary of Treasury to Secretary of State, March 17, 1917, RG 59 138/426, National Archives.

24
. In one case the suspicions of fellow passengers ensured that an interrogation of some supposed citizens occurred when the ship arrived in New York. Post to Secretary of State, May 1, 1917, RG 59 138/483, National Archives; Post to Secretary of State, May 7, 1917, RG 59 138/490, National Archives.

25
. For problems at the Madrid consul see RG 59 811.111/1879, National Archives.

26
.
New York Times
, “Tourists in Paris are in War Panic,” August 1, 1914.

27
.
New York Times
, “Not American Passports,” October 30, 1914.

28
.
Washington Post
, “Posing as Americans,” September 9, 1914.

29
. Berlin Legation to Secretary of State, August 25, 1915, RG 59 138.28/13 Box 636, National Archives.

30
. Secretary of State to U.S. Ambassador [London], November 25, 1914, RG 59 138/37 Box 590, National Archives.

31
. Secretary of State to U.S. Ambassador [Paris], February 15, 1915, RG 59 138/77 Box 590, National Archives.

32
. Daniel C. Turack, “Freedom of Movement and the International Regime of Passports,”
Osgoode Hall Law Journal
6 (1968): 249.

33
. Ellen Adair, “War Time Traveling in France is Beset With Trials, Especially for One who Can Speak German,”
Washington Post
, August 29, 1915.

34
.
Washington Post
, “More Passports to Archibald Will Be Denied,” September 9, 1915;
Washington Post
, “All Americans in England Must Now Show Passport,” August 8, 1915.