The Passport in America: The History of a Document (65 page)

folio index books,
115

foreign countries.
See also
consuls, U.S.; residence abroad;
specific countries

breaking laws in,
157
–58

confiscation of passport in,
188

extending passport for health reasons,
231

married women in,
52

passport issuance in,
26
,
28
–29,
28
f
,
39
,
65
,
129
–31,
142
,
143
–45,
157
–58,
206

passport requirements in,
282
n13

signature recognition in,
61

visas issued in,
28
,
30
f
,
31
f
,
143
,
203
,
296
n95

witnesses to applications in,
102

Foucault, Michel,
264
n24,
265
n37

Fourteenth Amendment,
12
,
143
,
148

France

names in,
45

passport system in,
14
,
39
,
192

U.S. ambassador to,
158
,
192

U.S. passports issued in,
26
,
28
,
28
f

visa for,
143

WWI travel in,
194

Franklin, Benjamin, passport issued by,
26
,
28
,
28
f

fraudulent passports,
38
–40

in Europe,
39
,
272
n8

Germany and,
194
–95,
196
f
,
197

methods for revealing,
39
,
195

passport “factories” or “mills,”
39
,
206

physical description and,
66
,
68

preventing,
39
,
81
,
86
,
140
,
243
,
270
n5

fraudulent supporting documents,
206

fraudulent visas,
39

free African Americans,
12
,
127
,
131
–34,
148

freed persons of color, certificate issued to,
145
,
146
f
,
147

Fuller, Gilbert,
218

The Gallery of Illustrious Americans
(Brady),
83
–84

Galton, Francis,
84

gender

names and,
49
,
50

passport nuisance and,
236
–39

Gentlemen’s Agreement,
177
–78

Germans

registration of,
200
–201

spies during WWI,
13
,
194
–95,
199
,
200
,
201

surveillance of, during WWI,
199
–201

visas and passports for,
188
,
190

Germany

consulates in,
191

Danish man visiting,
1
–2,
8
,
251

English travelers in,
15

fraudulent passports and,
194
–95,
196
f
,
197

names in,
45

scribes in,
279
n6

Giddens, Anthony,
240

Goodrich, Casper F.,
182
–83

Grant, Ulysses,
152
,
155

graphology,
58
,
271
n15

Great Seal of the United States,
33

Greer, Mary,
229
,
237

groups

individual identity
vs
.,
12
,
171
,
172
,
204

passport restrictions to various,
194

photographs,
89

hair,
64
,
70
,
71

Hale, Ruth,
50
,
269
n17

Hambleton, Harry,
131
–32,
133

handwriting

analysis,
56
–58

authentication, in courtrooms,
7
,
56
–58

inability to read, causing name misspelling,
268
n1

inability to read, on voter lists,
96

printed documents
vs
.,
60

handwritten passports,
39

handwritten signatures,
54
–62

Hapgood, Isabel,
31

Hawaii,
107
,
109
,
177

Hay, John,
115

Hearst, William Randolph,
21
,
22

Hoffmann-Axthelm, Dieter,
1
,
245

Holmes, Oliver Wendell,
85

Hoover, Herbert,
206

Hoover, J. Edgar,
241
,
303
n96

House Committee on Foreign Affairs,
187
–88,
201
–2,
227

Hungarian revolution,
129
,
134
–35

Hunt, Gaillard,
114
–15,
117
,
154
,
158
,
280
n19

Hunter, William,
113
–14,
136

husbands

citizenship through naturalization of,
103

custom of taking family name of,
51

passport of, married women on,
12
,
49
–50,
67
f
,
156

identification.
See also
documentary

regime of verification, verification

of correct bearer of document,
9

of criminals,
68
–69,
72
–76,
182
–83,
216
,
231
,
242
–43

definitions of,
242
–43,
246

document, passport as,
23
,
126

as history of “categories and indicators,”
263
n19

identity
vs
.,
2
,
10
–11,
16
–18,
56
,
59
,
70
,
245
–46,
263
n22

of individuals
vs
. types,
73

of marginal populations,
46
,
68
,
119
,
249

of naturalized citizens,
178

official,
4
,
5
,
6
,
7
,
10
,
18
,
44
,
48
,
68
,
82
,
94
108
,
120
,
203
,
240
,
241

through personal knowledge,
5
,
6
,
7
,
56
–57,
97
,
108
,
278
n36

without personal knowledge,
58

through relationships,
96
,
108

through reputation,
6
,
36
,
69
,
95
,
233
,
235

through statements,
96

of suspect populations,
2
,
69
,
72

voting and,
6
–7,
76
–77,
96
,
250
,
276
n9

word as,
95
,
182

identity.
See also
documentation of identity; national identity; new identity; individual identity

archival problematization of,
16
–18,
112
,
246
,
249
,
281
n33

bodies and,
9
,
12
–13,
133

control of,
78

digitalization of,
17
,
249

facts of,
8
,
66
,
119

fixing, with documentation,
120
–21

identification
vs
.,
2
,
10
–11,
16
–18,
56
,
59
,
70
,
245
–46,
263
n22

of married women,
49
–53

physical description and,
65
,
66
,
71

self and,
9
–10,
78

social,
73
,
88

stabilization of,
44
,
90
,
120
,
128
,
153
,
247

standardization of,
9
–10,
48
,
111
–12

“true” essential, from physical appearance,
12

identity cards,
17
,
45
,
249

illegal aliens,
185
,
214

illegal immigration,
208
,
211

illegal passports,
29
,
39
,
149

illiterate people, signing with “X,”
55

immigrants.
See also
steamships;
specific immigrants

clothing of,
167
,
168
,
171
,
174
,
289
n33

with declaration of intent,
127
–31,
266
n19

diseases and,
161
,
162
–63,
165
–67,
169
,
289
n33

at Ellis Island,
8
,
163
–71,
179
,
182
,
204
–5,
213

filing systems for,
175
–76,
212
–13