The Politics of Climate Change (37 page)
Read The Politics of Climate Change Online
Authors: Anthony Giddens
20.
  Kingdon,
Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies
.
21.
  D. Wood and A. Velditz, âIssue Definition, Information Processing and the Politics of Global Warming',
American Journal of Political Science
51 (2007).
22.
  Helen Clayton et al., Report of the First Inquiry of the All Parliamentary Climate Change Group:
Is a Cross-Party Consensus on Climate Change Possible â or Desirable?
(London: HMSO, 2006), p. 3.
23.
  Quoted in ibid., p. 13.
24.
  Robin Eckersley,
The Green State
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 243â5. However, she adopts the precautionary principle, which I avoid, and I have somewhat modified her list while, I hope, still maintaining its spirit.
25.
  Edelman Trust Barometer 2008 (London: Edelman, 2008).
26.
  For an account going up to the late 1990s, see Peter Newell,
Climate for Change
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), ch. 5. The quotation is from p. 98.
27.
  Quoted in ibid., p. 104.
28.
  Quoted in Peter Senge,
The Necessary Revolution
(London: Brealey, 2008), p. 77.
29.
  Quoted in ibid., p. 77.
30.
  Christine MacDonald,
Green Inc
(London: Lyons Press, 2008).
31.
  Senge,
The Necessary Revolution
, ch. 13.
32.
  Details of the company's â2020 Strategic Framework for Sustainability' is available on its website.
33.
  Available on Citigroup's website.
34.
  Charles Prince, CEO of the company, quoted on the Citigroup
website in the press release of the $50 billion programme, 8 May 2007.
35.
  Senge,
The Necessary Revolution
, ch. 5.
Chapter 6Â Â Technologies and Taxes
1.
  Jeremy Rifkin,
The Hydrogen Economy
(New York: Tarcher, 2002).
2.
  Ibid., p. 9.
3.
  For a caustic survey of hydrogen and other renewable technologies, see James Lovelock,
The Revenge of Gaia
(London: Perseus, 2007).
4.
  âStewart Brand, an Icon of Environmentalism, Talks About Embracing Nuclear Power',
Newsweek
, 21 October 2009.
5.
  IPCC,
Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 269.
6.
  (No author): âGoing Underground',
New Scientist
(11 October 2008).
7.
  Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder,
The Clean Tech Revolution
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007).
8.
  âDig Deep',
The Economist
(21 June 2008).
9.
  International Energy Agency,
World Energy Outlook
, 25 November 2010, p. 11.
10.
  The Royal Society,
Geoengineering the Climate
(London), September 2009.
11.
  Wallace Broecker and Robert Kunzig,
Fixing Climate
(New York: Hill & Wang, 2008).
12.
  Paul Hawken et al.,
Natural Capitalism
(London: Little, Brown, 1999).
13.
  Robert Socolow and Stephen Pacala, âStabilization Wedges',
Science
305 (2004), pp. 968â72.
14.
  Christopher Freeman,
The Economics of Hope
(New York: Pinter, 1992).
15.
  Nicholas Stern,
The Economics of Climate Change
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), ch. 16.
16.
  See Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind,
The Smartest Guys in the Room
(New York: Penguin, 2003).
17.
  John Scott and Gareth Evans, âElectricity Networks', in Dieter Helm (ed.),
The New Energy Paradigm
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
18.
  Stern,
The Economics of Climate Change
, p. 403.
19.
  Ibid., p. 402.
20.
  Amory B. Lovins et al., âA Roadmap for Natural Capitalism',
Harvard Business Review
77 (May/June 1999), pp. 78â81.
21.
  Scott and Evans, âElectricity Networks', pp. 51â62.
22.
  Swanbarton Limited,
Status of Electrical Energy Storage Systems
(London: Department of Trade and Industry, 2004).
23.
 Â
European Commission,
European Union Technology Platform Smartgrids
(Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications, 2006).
24.
  UNEP,
Green Jobs
(Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2008).
25.
  Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus,
The Death of Environmentalism
(2005), p. 26; available at http://www.thebreakthrough.org/images/Death_of_Environmentalism.pdf. See also their subsequent book
Break Through
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).
26.
  Van Jones,
The Green Economy
(Center for American Progress, September 2008).
27.
  Robert Pollin et al.,
Green Recovery
(Center for American Progress, September 2008).
28.
  Mikael Skou Andersen et al.,
An Evaluation of the Impact of Green Taxes in the Nordic Countries
(Copenhagen: TemaNord, 2000). See also Runar Brannlund and Ing-Marie Gren,
Green Taxes
,
Economic Theory and Empirical Evidence from Scandinavia
(Cheltenham: Elgar, 1999).
29.
  Gilbert Metcalf,
A Green Employment Tax Swap
(Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2007).
30.
  Paul Ekins and Simon Dresner,
Green Taxes and Charges
(York: Rowntree Foundation, 2004).
31.
  Ibid., p. 14.
32.
  David Fleming,
Energy and the Common Purpose
(London: Lean Economy Connection, 2006).
33.
  Richard Starkey and Kevin Anderson,
Investigating Domestic Tradable Quotas
(Norwich: Tyndall Centre, 2005).
34.
  Mayer Hillman and Tina Fawcett,
How We can Save the Planet
(London: Penguin, 2004).
35.
  Simon Roberts and Joshua Thumin,
A Rough Guide to Individual Carbon Trading
(London: Centre for Sustainable Energy, 2006), p. 3.
36.
  Ibid., p. 31.
37.
  See John Urry,
Mobilities
(Cambridge: Polity, 2007).
38.
  Tom Vanderbilt,
Traffic
(London: Allen Lane, 2008).
39.
  Jean Gimpel,
The Medieval Machine
(New York: Penguin, 1977).
40.
  James Kunstler,
The Long Emergency
(London: Atlantic, 2006), p. 270.
41.
  I am greatly indebted to John Urry's
Mobilities
, referenced above, for this analysis.
42.
  John Tiffin and Chris Kissling,
Transport Communications
(London: Kogan Page, 2007), p. 204.
Chapter 7Â Â The Politics of Adaptation
1.
  European Commission,
Adapting to Climate Change in Europe
(Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 2007).
2.
  Gwyn Prins and Steve Raynor,
The Wrong Trousers
(Oxford: James Martin Institute, 2007), pp. 33â4.
3.
 Â
European Commission,
Adapting to Climate Change in Europe
. Green paper of the European Commission, Brussels, 2007.
4.
  David Crichton, âInsurance and Climate Change': paper presented at conference on Climate Change, Extreme Events and Coastal Cities, Houston, 9 February 2005, p. 17.
5.
  Tim O'Riordan et al., âDesigning Sustainable Coastal Futures',
21st Century Society
3 (2008).
6.
  Padeep Pall et al., âAnthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Contribution to Flood Risk in England and Wales in Autumn 2000',
Nature
470 (17 February 2011).
7.
  Crichton, âInsurance and Climate Change'.
8.
  Sue Roaf et al.,
Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change
(Oxford: Elsevier, 2005).
9.
  See DEFRA, âMaking Space for Water'; www.defra.gov.uk/ environ/fcd/policy/strategy.htm.
10.
  O'Riordan et al., âDesigning Sustainable Coastal Futures', pp. 152â5.
11.
  Helmut Kesting,
Hedging Climate Change
(Munich: Allianz Economic Research, 2007).
12.
  Ibid., p. 202.
13.
  Moira Herbert, âA New Kind of First Responder',
Bloomberg Businessweek
(28 February 2008).
14.
  J. Timmons Roberts and Bradley C. Parks,
A Climate of Injustice
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007).
15.
  Daniel Osgood et al., âIntegrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers' (Washington, DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2008).
16.
  UNDP Human Development Report,
Risk, Vulnerability and Adap tation in Bangladesh
(Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, 2007).
Chapter 8Â Â International Negotiations, the EU and Carbon Markets
1.
  John Carey, âRussia's Path to Kyoto',
Business Week
(1 October 2004).
2.
  Robert Henson,
The Rough Guide to Climate Change
(London: Rough Guides, 2008), pp. 292â3.
3.
  David G. Victor, âFragmented Carbon Markets and Reluctant Nations', in Joseph E. Aldy and Robert N. Stavins (eds),
Architectures for Agreement
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 149.
4.
  Rachmat Witoelar, âAddress to Closing Plenary', UN Climate Change Conference, Bali, 2007.
5.
  Oliver Tickell, âThe “Bali Roadmap”', in
Was Bali a Success? Open Democracy
(online) (18 December 2007).
6.
  Trevor Houser, âCopenhagen, the Accord, and the Way Forward', Peterson Institute for International Economics. Washington, DC (March 2010).
7.
 Â
Per Meilstrup, âThe Runaway Summit',
Monday Morning
(a Danish think-tank), available online. I draw heavily upon this account here, because of its authoritative nature.
8.
  Quoted in Meilstrup, âThe Runaway Summit', p. 114.
9.
  Both quotes from Michael McCarthy, âAt Last, the Climate Changes',
Independent
(12 December 2010).
10.
  Kevin Anderson, âResponse to Cancun', Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (9 February 2011), pp. 1â2.
11.
  Quoted in James Randerson, âTop Scientists Warn Against Rush to Biofuels',
Guardian
(25 March 2008).
12.
  Quoted in âEU Emissions Trading Scheme', EurActiv.com (February 2008), p. 3.
13.
  See Donald MacKenzie,
Making Things the Same
(Edinburgh: School of Social and Political Studies, 2008); and âConstructing Emissions Markets', in
Material Markets
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ch. 7. I draw extensively upon his excellent discussion in what follows.
14.
  Denny Ellerman et al.,
Markets for Clean Air
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
15.
  Denny Ellerman and Barbara Buchner,
Over-allocation or Abatement
, Report no. 141 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2006).
16.
  For a useful survey, see Ricardo Bayon et al.,
Voluntary Carbon Markets
(London: Earthscan, 2008).
17.
  Nathaniel Gronewald, âChicago Climate Exchange Closes',
New York Times
(3 January 2011).
Chapter 9Â Â The Geopolitics of Climate Change
1.
  Peter Halden,
The Geopolitics of Climate Change
(Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency, 2007).
2.
  Anup Shah, âDominance and Change in the Arctic',
Global Issues
(June 2010), p. 1.
3.
  Halden,
The Geopolitics of Climate Change
, pp. 150â8.
4.
  See Gerard Prunier,
Darfur, the Ambiguous Genocide
(London: Hurst, 2005).
5.
  US Department of Defense,
Military Power of the People's Republic of China
(Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2006).
  Kingdon,
Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies
.
21.
  D. Wood and A. Velditz, âIssue Definition, Information Processing and the Politics of Global Warming',
American Journal of Political Science
51 (2007).
22.
  Helen Clayton et al., Report of the First Inquiry of the All Parliamentary Climate Change Group:
Is a Cross-Party Consensus on Climate Change Possible â or Desirable?
(London: HMSO, 2006), p. 3.
23.
  Quoted in ibid., p. 13.
24.
  Robin Eckersley,
The Green State
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004), pp. 243â5. However, she adopts the precautionary principle, which I avoid, and I have somewhat modified her list while, I hope, still maintaining its spirit.
25.
  Edelman Trust Barometer 2008 (London: Edelman, 2008).
26.
  For an account going up to the late 1990s, see Peter Newell,
Climate for Change
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), ch. 5. The quotation is from p. 98.
27.
  Quoted in ibid., p. 104.
28.
  Quoted in Peter Senge,
The Necessary Revolution
(London: Brealey, 2008), p. 77.
29.
  Quoted in ibid., p. 77.
30.
  Christine MacDonald,
Green Inc
(London: Lyons Press, 2008).
31.
  Senge,
The Necessary Revolution
, ch. 13.
32.
  Details of the company's â2020 Strategic Framework for Sustainability' is available on its website.
33.
  Available on Citigroup's website.
34.
  Charles Prince, CEO of the company, quoted on the Citigroup
website in the press release of the $50 billion programme, 8 May 2007.
35.
  Senge,
The Necessary Revolution
, ch. 5.
Chapter 6Â Â Technologies and Taxes
1.
  Jeremy Rifkin,
The Hydrogen Economy
(New York: Tarcher, 2002).
2.
  Ibid., p. 9.
3.
  For a caustic survey of hydrogen and other renewable technologies, see James Lovelock,
The Revenge of Gaia
(London: Perseus, 2007).
4.
  âStewart Brand, an Icon of Environmentalism, Talks About Embracing Nuclear Power',
Newsweek
, 21 October 2009.
5.
  IPCC,
Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 269.
6.
  (No author): âGoing Underground',
New Scientist
(11 October 2008).
7.
  Ron Pernick and Clint Wilder,
The Clean Tech Revolution
(New York: HarperCollins, 2007).
8.
  âDig Deep',
The Economist
(21 June 2008).
9.
  International Energy Agency,
World Energy Outlook
, 25 November 2010, p. 11.
10.
  The Royal Society,
Geoengineering the Climate
(London), September 2009.
11.
  Wallace Broecker and Robert Kunzig,
Fixing Climate
(New York: Hill & Wang, 2008).
12.
  Paul Hawken et al.,
Natural Capitalism
(London: Little, Brown, 1999).
13.
  Robert Socolow and Stephen Pacala, âStabilization Wedges',
Science
305 (2004), pp. 968â72.
14.
  Christopher Freeman,
The Economics of Hope
(New York: Pinter, 1992).
15.
  Nicholas Stern,
The Economics of Climate Change
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), ch. 16.
16.
  See Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind,
The Smartest Guys in the Room
(New York: Penguin, 2003).
17.
  John Scott and Gareth Evans, âElectricity Networks', in Dieter Helm (ed.),
The New Energy Paradigm
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
18.
  Stern,
The Economics of Climate Change
, p. 403.
19.
  Ibid., p. 402.
20.
  Amory B. Lovins et al., âA Roadmap for Natural Capitalism',
Harvard Business Review
77 (May/June 1999), pp. 78â81.
21.
  Scott and Evans, âElectricity Networks', pp. 51â62.
22.
  Swanbarton Limited,
Status of Electrical Energy Storage Systems
(London: Department of Trade and Industry, 2004).
23.
 Â
European Commission,
European Union Technology Platform Smartgrids
(Luxembourg: Office of Official Publications, 2006).
24.
  UNEP,
Green Jobs
(Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute, 2008).
25.
  Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus,
The Death of Environmentalism
(2005), p. 26; available at http://www.thebreakthrough.org/images/Death_of_Environmentalism.pdf. See also their subsequent book
Break Through
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007).
26.
  Van Jones,
The Green Economy
(Center for American Progress, September 2008).
27.
  Robert Pollin et al.,
Green Recovery
(Center for American Progress, September 2008).
28.
  Mikael Skou Andersen et al.,
An Evaluation of the Impact of Green Taxes in the Nordic Countries
(Copenhagen: TemaNord, 2000). See also Runar Brannlund and Ing-Marie Gren,
Green Taxes
,
Economic Theory and Empirical Evidence from Scandinavia
(Cheltenham: Elgar, 1999).
29.
  Gilbert Metcalf,
A Green Employment Tax Swap
(Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2007).
30.
  Paul Ekins and Simon Dresner,
Green Taxes and Charges
(York: Rowntree Foundation, 2004).
31.
  Ibid., p. 14.
32.
  David Fleming,
Energy and the Common Purpose
(London: Lean Economy Connection, 2006).
33.
  Richard Starkey and Kevin Anderson,
Investigating Domestic Tradable Quotas
(Norwich: Tyndall Centre, 2005).
34.
  Mayer Hillman and Tina Fawcett,
How We can Save the Planet
(London: Penguin, 2004).
35.
  Simon Roberts and Joshua Thumin,
A Rough Guide to Individual Carbon Trading
(London: Centre for Sustainable Energy, 2006), p. 3.
36.
  Ibid., p. 31.
37.
  See John Urry,
Mobilities
(Cambridge: Polity, 2007).
38.
  Tom Vanderbilt,
Traffic
(London: Allen Lane, 2008).
39.
  Jean Gimpel,
The Medieval Machine
(New York: Penguin, 1977).
40.
  James Kunstler,
The Long Emergency
(London: Atlantic, 2006), p. 270.
41.
  I am greatly indebted to John Urry's
Mobilities
, referenced above, for this analysis.
42.
  John Tiffin and Chris Kissling,
Transport Communications
(London: Kogan Page, 2007), p. 204.
Chapter 7Â Â The Politics of Adaptation
1.
  European Commission,
Adapting to Climate Change in Europe
(Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 2007).
2.
  Gwyn Prins and Steve Raynor,
The Wrong Trousers
(Oxford: James Martin Institute, 2007), pp. 33â4.
3.
 Â
European Commission,
Adapting to Climate Change in Europe
. Green paper of the European Commission, Brussels, 2007.
4.
  David Crichton, âInsurance and Climate Change': paper presented at conference on Climate Change, Extreme Events and Coastal Cities, Houston, 9 February 2005, p. 17.
5.
  Tim O'Riordan et al., âDesigning Sustainable Coastal Futures',
21st Century Society
3 (2008).
6.
  Padeep Pall et al., âAnthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Contribution to Flood Risk in England and Wales in Autumn 2000',
Nature
470 (17 February 2011).
7.
  Crichton, âInsurance and Climate Change'.
8.
  Sue Roaf et al.,
Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change
(Oxford: Elsevier, 2005).
9.
  See DEFRA, âMaking Space for Water'; www.defra.gov.uk/ environ/fcd/policy/strategy.htm.
10.
  O'Riordan et al., âDesigning Sustainable Coastal Futures', pp. 152â5.
11.
  Helmut Kesting,
Hedging Climate Change
(Munich: Allianz Economic Research, 2007).
12.
  Ibid., p. 202.
13.
  Moira Herbert, âA New Kind of First Responder',
Bloomberg Businessweek
(28 February 2008).
14.
  J. Timmons Roberts and Bradley C. Parks,
A Climate of Injustice
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007).
15.
  Daniel Osgood et al., âIntegrating Seasonal Forecasts and Insurance for Adaptation Among Subsistence Farmers' (Washington, DC: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 2008).
16.
  UNDP Human Development Report,
Risk, Vulnerability and Adap tation in Bangladesh
(Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, 2007).
Chapter 8Â Â International Negotiations, the EU and Carbon Markets
1.
  John Carey, âRussia's Path to Kyoto',
Business Week
(1 October 2004).
2.
  Robert Henson,
The Rough Guide to Climate Change
(London: Rough Guides, 2008), pp. 292â3.
3.
  David G. Victor, âFragmented Carbon Markets and Reluctant Nations', in Joseph E. Aldy and Robert N. Stavins (eds),
Architectures for Agreement
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 149.
4.
  Rachmat Witoelar, âAddress to Closing Plenary', UN Climate Change Conference, Bali, 2007.
5.
  Oliver Tickell, âThe “Bali Roadmap”', in
Was Bali a Success? Open Democracy
(online) (18 December 2007).
6.
  Trevor Houser, âCopenhagen, the Accord, and the Way Forward', Peterson Institute for International Economics. Washington, DC (March 2010).
7.
 Â
Per Meilstrup, âThe Runaway Summit',
Monday Morning
(a Danish think-tank), available online. I draw heavily upon this account here, because of its authoritative nature.
8.
  Quoted in Meilstrup, âThe Runaway Summit', p. 114.
9.
  Both quotes from Michael McCarthy, âAt Last, the Climate Changes',
Independent
(12 December 2010).
10.
  Kevin Anderson, âResponse to Cancun', Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research (9 February 2011), pp. 1â2.
11.
  Quoted in James Randerson, âTop Scientists Warn Against Rush to Biofuels',
Guardian
(25 March 2008).
12.
  Quoted in âEU Emissions Trading Scheme', EurActiv.com (February 2008), p. 3.
13.
  See Donald MacKenzie,
Making Things the Same
(Edinburgh: School of Social and Political Studies, 2008); and âConstructing Emissions Markets', in
Material Markets
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), ch. 7. I draw extensively upon his excellent discussion in what follows.
14.
  Denny Ellerman et al.,
Markets for Clean Air
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
15.
  Denny Ellerman and Barbara Buchner,
Over-allocation or Abatement
, Report no. 141 (Cambridge, MA: MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change, 2006).
16.
  For a useful survey, see Ricardo Bayon et al.,
Voluntary Carbon Markets
(London: Earthscan, 2008).
17.
  Nathaniel Gronewald, âChicago Climate Exchange Closes',
New York Times
(3 January 2011).
Chapter 9Â Â The Geopolitics of Climate Change
1.
  Peter Halden,
The Geopolitics of Climate Change
(Stockholm: Swedish Defence Research Agency, 2007).
2.
  Anup Shah, âDominance and Change in the Arctic',
Global Issues
(June 2010), p. 1.
3.
  Halden,
The Geopolitics of Climate Change
, pp. 150â8.
4.
  See Gerard Prunier,
Darfur, the Ambiguous Genocide
(London: Hurst, 2005).
5.
  US Department of Defense,
Military Power of the People's Republic of China
(Washington, DC: Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2006).
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