The Silk Road: A New History (61 page)

Crimean Peninsula, 229

Ctesiphon, 120

cultural exchanges, 5, 21,
25
, 26, 238

Cultural Revolution, 93, 94, 152, 175

Dandan Uiliq

Archive of Khotanese material, 286nn37, 39

Buddhist statues of, 12

Hedin on, 286n26

Judeo-Persian documents,
219

and Khotanese documents, 199, 210, 212–13,
213
, 221–22

and Stein’s excavations, 217–18

and tax documents, 215–17

Daoism, 80, 108, 169

“Daoist Wang.”
See
Wang Yuanlu

Daozhen, 178–79

Da Qin, 18, 32

de Goes, Bento, 231–32, 242

Deng Xiaoping, 93

Devaputra, 187

Devashtich, 130, 134–36

dharma, 47, 55.
See also
Buddhism

Dharmaguptakas, 52

The Diamond Sutra
, 24, 179, 183,
236
, 241

diao
taxes, 152

diplomats.
See
envoys

divorce, 133

dmar
, 185–86

Domoko, 199, 213

donkeys,
78
, 79, 83

Duldur Aqur, 79–80, 82

Dunhuang

and Buddhist pilgrimages, 221

cave 1, (see
library cave
subentry below)

cave paintings, 24, 167–69,
168
, 172–79,
178
, 181, 186, 188–90,
189, 223
, 240

and diplomatic envoys, 15, 188, 191–92, 224–25

and the Gansu Corridor, 9

and the Han dynasty, 14, 168–69

and Hebrew documents,
color plate 12

and Khotanese documents, 24, 181, 199, 210, 220, 226, 241

library cave at, 24, 167,
168
, 169, 173–75, 177–79,
178, 180
, 181–83, 187–88,
198, 199
, 218–20, 222, 226, 228, 241

location of,
170–71

and religious toleration, 241

rulers of,
190

scope of documents at, 24

and the Sogdian Ancient

Letters, 116–19

and Stein, 167–77,
172
, 180–81, 196–97

and the Tang dynasty, 184–85, 186–88

and tourism, 10

Uighur conquest of, 216

Dunhuang Research Institute, 172,
172
, 178

Du You, 107

earthquakes, 61

Eastern Market (Chang’an),
142
, 148

Eastern Turks, 149

edicts

and Buddhism, 47

and Kharoshthi documents, 49

and Khotan,
198
, 227

and Qing dynasty, 232

and Shanshan, 35, 250n25

travel bans, 261n3

and Xuanquan site, 15

education

language education, 56, 220–21, 240

and spread of paper technology, 137–39

Elgin Marbles, 175

Endere, 35, 52, 199, 207, 209

envoys

and the Afrasiab murals, 129,
color plate 11B

and the An Lushan rebellion, 157

and character of the Silk Road, 238

documentary evidence on, 50–51, 240–41

and Dunhuang, 15, 188, 191–92, 224–25

and Gaochang Kingdom, 94

and Khotan, 16, 191, 192, 202, 222–26, 241

and Kroraina Kingdom,
28–29
, 49–50

epitaphs, 99, 143–44, 146, 240

ethnic diversity of the Silk Road, 13, 136

fabrics.
See
textiles

Fadu, 32

fan
(“foreign”), 194

Faxian, 55, 160–64,
162–63
, 205–6, 240

Ferghana, 16, 136

fire altars and temples, 118,
123.
124, 144,
color plate 15. See also
Zoroastrianism

Forest of Steles (Beilin) Museum, 149

Four Garrisons, 79, 211, 260n67

fragrances, 194

France, 167

frankincense, 20, 165

fraudulent artifacts, 97, 207, 217

Freiman, A. A., 130

frescoes, 212

Fu Hao, 13

funerary garments,
2
, 3.
See also
burial practices

Furen Khi-vyaina, 225

Gandhara region

and Hejiacun Village Hoard, 156

and house excavation,
37

and Kroraina Kingdom, 26–27, 30, 32, 35, 37–38, 44–48, 50–52

and Kucha, 66

and Kumarajiva, 56

and migrant populations, 50–51, 239

and the Rawak statues, 205

seals of,
46

Gandhari language, 30, 32, 51, 56, 66, 71, 209

Gansu Corridor, 9, 14,
59

Gansu Province

and business partnerships, 119

and caravan trade, 232

climate of, 13

and coin shortages, 195

and De Goes’ expedition, 232

and Shi Wirkak, 146

and Stein’s expeditions, 167–68, 196

and Tang rule, 107–8, 184, 237

and Tibetan rule, 108, 158, 185–86

and Uighur rule, 111, 190, 196, 220

and Wuwei, 42, 68, 79, 85, 137, 144, 146

and Xiyu (Western Regions), 9

and the Yuezhi, 32, 71

Ganzhou, 190, 192, 224–25

Gaochang,
89
, 89–95, 98–99,
105
, 108

Gao Juren, 157

Gaozong, Tang-dynasty Emperor, 125

garbage pits, 15, 36, 131

Garuda, 61

gems, 155–56, 194

Genghis Khan, 229

Germany, 167

Ghafar, Abdul, 34

Ghurak, 135

Gilgit River, 32

Gilgit Road, 30

glassmaking, 122, 238

Global Positioning System, 212

Gobi Desert, 9, 55

Godfrey, S. H., 209

gold, 41, 48–49, 93, 96–98,
100–102, 153–54
, 156, 165, 205, 231, 239.
See also
gold
under
coins
entry

Gongyuecheng, 103

Govind Kaul, 12

graffiti, 30–32,
31
, 76

grain, 132, 184, 194

graves, 201–2.
See also
Astana graveyard; burial practices; human remains

Greater Yuezhi, 32

Great Leap Forward, 93

Greek culture, 18–19, 46, 48,
color plate 13

Grenet, Frantz, 138–39

Grünwedel, Albert, 65, 175

Guangzhou (Canton), 150, 161, 164, 165–66

Guanyin, 88, 161,
193

Guanyin Monastery, 151–52

guosuo. See
travel passes

Guo Xin, 80

hajj pilgrimage, 232, 234, 241

Hami, 85, 88–89, 104, 107, 232

Han dynasty

and Chang’an, 17, 34, 65, 141, 143, 147

and coins, 156

and diplomatic envoys, 236

and documents on the Silk Road, 14–18

and Dunhuang cave

documents, 14, 168–69

and foreign influence in art, 20–21

and Khotan, 202

and Kroraina Kingdom, 26, 32, 34–37, 42, 55

and Kucha, 65–66

and military presence on the Silk Road, 8, 14–15, 236

and trade with Rome, 20–21

and Turfan, 83, 90

hang
(“row”), 148

Hangzhou Silk Museum, 19