The Silk Road: A New History (62 page)

Han Wudi, 65

Hebei Province, 157

Hebrew, 31–32, 181, 217, 218–19,
219
, 241,
color plate 12

Hedin, Sven

and itinerant traders, 11, 237–38

and Khotan, 12, 13, 212

and Kroraina Kingdom, 27

and Kucha, 58–60

Niya and Loulan excavations, 38, 43

and “Silk Road” term, 8

and Taklamakan Desert, 11–12, 242,
color plate 10

Hejiacun Village Hoard, 152–57,
153–54, 155
, 239

Henan Province, 235–36

Henning, W. B., 71

Hephthalites, 75, 120–21

Heraclius, 156

herding, 132.
See also
cattle

Hermitage Museum, 122

Hinayana Buddhism, 68, 69

Hinaza Deva Vijitasimha, 209

The History of the Han Dynasty.
34, 35

The History of the Later Han
, 34, 40

Hoernle, Frederick Rudolf, 209–10

Hongbian, 177,
178

horses, 16,
78
, 80–82, 222–24

house excavations,
37
, 38

Huang Chao, 165–66

Huili, 85, 87, 88–89, 113, 114

Hulu River, 85, 86

human remains, 38–42,
41
, 92–93, 201–2.
See also
burial practices

Huns, 117, 120–21

Huntington, Ellsworth, 212

Hunza River, 32

Husejnov, D., 130

Huvishka, 52

Ibn Hawkal, 122

Ibrahim (guide), 33–34

imperialism, 175

imported goods, 194, 233

incenses, 194

India

and An Jia, 143

Buddhist missionaries, 66

and de Goes’ travels, 231

and Dunhuang cave documents, 186–87

funding for expeditions, 212

gemstones of, 156

influence in Kroraina Kingdom, 25–26, 45

and migrant populations, 200, 236, 239

and pilgrimage routes,
162–63

and religious art, 122, 125–27,
126

and Roman coins, 20

and sea travel, 160–65,
162–63

and silk production, 19

and Stein’s expeditions, 174

and Turfan, 94

Indus River, 32

International Dunhuang Project, 176

inventory documents, 194

Iran

and Chang’an, 150

and Hejiacun Village Hoard, 154,
155

and imported goods, 194

languages of, 210

and Manichaeism,
color plate 11A

and Sasanian refugees, 149

and the Sogdians, 113

trade with Tang dynasty, 97

and Zoroastrianism, 118, 181

Iraq, 165

Isai, Abdullah (Bento de Goes), 231–32

Islam

and coin designs, 97

and Dunhuang caves, 175

and the Huang Chao rebellion, 165

Islamic law, 228, 232

and Khotan, 24, 199, 201, 218, 226–34, 241–42

and
mazar
shrines, 234,
color plate 16A

and Sasanian refugees, 149

and Sogdiana, 116, 129,
131
, 136–37

spread with migrant populations, 139

and Turfan, 95, 98, 111

and use of paper, 138

Ito Toshio, 43

jade

and de Goes, 231–32

and diplomatic envoys, 222–27, 241

and earliest Silk Road trade, 235–36

and Xuanzang’s travels, 207

Jade Gate, 85, 86

Jafar Sadik, Imam, 33

Japan, 167

jataka
stories, 62–63,
63
, 73–74

Jesuit missionaries,
150
, 231–32

Jewish merchants, 31–32, 217–18,
219
, 231

Jiangsu, 164

Jiang Xiaowan, 169, 173–76, 180

Jiaohe, 91

Jiayuguan, 232

Jingjing, 183

Jingjue Kingdom, 35, 36, 40–41

jitumgha
, 44

Jiumoluoshi, 70.
See also
Kumarajiva

Jiuquan, 119

Judaism, 165, 167, 241

Judeo-Persian language,
219

judicial assemblies, 215

Jushi people, 90

Kabul, 231

Kageyama Etsuko, 98

Kaiyuan reign period, 156

Karakash River, 207

Karakhanids, 226–28, 241,
color plate 16A

Karakhoja, 93

Karakorum Highway, 30,
31
, 31–32, 53, 218

karma, 164

Kashgar, 79, 218, 227, 234

Kashmir, 156

Keriya, 33, 53

Khakhsar, 135

Khan, Sher Ali, 196–97

Kharoshthi script

and Endere documents, 207–9

and Kroraina Kingdom

documents,
25
, 26–27, 30, 32–38, 42–43, 45–47

and Kumarajiva, 57

and Niya and Loulan

documents, 202, 237

and Sogdian documents, 117

Khoja Afaq, 232–33

Khorezm, 128

Khotan,
200–201

and Afghan caravans, 196

and Buddhism, 199–200, 203–7, 210–12, 221, 225, 227, 228–29, 231, 240

and diplomatic envoys, 16, 191, 192, 202, 222–26, 241

and Hedin’s explorations, 12, 13, 212

and Islam, 24, 199, 201, 218, 226–34, 241–42

and the jade trade, 235–36

and Kroraina Kingdom, 48, 49–51, 54

and
mazar
shrines, 234

and the Tang dynasty, 79, 211, 226

and Uighur population, 226, 233–34

Khotanese

and Buddhist monasteries, 240

and Dunhuang cave

documents, 24, 181, 199, 210, 220, 226, 241

and Islamic conquest, 199

and legal contracts, 209

and royal documents,
198

and Uighur language, 199, 211, 234

Khotan River, 11, 207

Khubilai Khan, 111

Khujand, 136

Khunjerab Pass, 32

Khusrau II, 156

Khvarnarse, 209

Kidarites, 120

Kirghiz, 108, 190, 216, 226

Kizil caves, 56–58, 60–65,
62, 63, 67
, 77

Koguryo, 128

Kongque (Peacock) River, 27

Korea, 128, 147, 157, 165

Korla, 60, 75

Kratchkovsky, I. Y., 130

Kroraina Kingdom,
28–29

Buddhism in, 26, 30,
31
, 33–35, 47, 51–55,
53

burial practices, 38–42,
41

coins of, 35–36, 42–43, 48–50

Gandhara immigrants, 26–27, 30, 32, 35, 37–38, 44–48, 50–52

and Kharoshthi script,
25
, 26–27, 30, 32–38, 42–43, 45–47

Stein’s explorations of, 12–13, 25–27, 30, 32–38, 42–43, 45–47, 53–54

Kucha

and Buddhism, 56–57, 66–70, 76–77, 80

and Hedin’s explorations, 58–60

and the Kizil caves, 56–58, 60–65,
62, 67
, 77

and Kumarajiva, 21

political control of, 75–82

religions of, 228