The Silk Road: A New History (65 page)

Shi Wirkak, 146

and Sogdian religious

practices, 118

and Zoroastrian religious

practices, 98

Samarkand,
115

and the Afrasiab murals, 125,
128
, 129, 138–39

and diplomatic envoys, 127–29,
128
, 241

and the horse trade, 81

and Iranian merchants, 3

languages of, 56–57

and migrant populations, 239

and the Mount Mugh letters, 129–39

Muslim conquest of, 22

and the Panjikent excavations, 121–26,
124
, 134–35, 138–39

and popular perceptions of the Silk Road, 6

and private mail,
112

and Silk Road routes, 10

and Sogdian culture, 4–5, 31, 43, 113–20, 121

and Turfan, 83, 94, 98

and Xuanzang’s travels, 113–16, 121

Sängim, 74

Sanskrit

and birch bark documents, 10

and Buddhism, 47, 56

and Dunhuang cave documents, 174, 181, 187, 240–41

and Khotanese, 24,
203
, 210, 211, 220

and Kumarajiva, 56–57, 69–70

and languages of Kroraina Kingdom, 44

The Mahabharata (Sanskrit epic), 52

and Niya documents, 51–52

and Stein, 12, 174

and Tibetans, 184–85

and Tocharian, 72

and Turfan, 85

word for “China,” 19

and Yijing’s travels, 164

sapphires, 156

Sarvastivadin school of Buddhism, 52, 66

Sasanian Empire

coins of, 20, 94–96, 122–23, 156,
color plate 4B

refugees from Islamic conquest, 149

and Sogdian culture, 120

and Turfan, 98

Satuq Bughra Khan, 226, 234,
color plate 16A

scale fees, 99–102,
100–102

scribes, 216–17, 220

The Scripture of the Benevolent Kings
(Buddhist text), 90

sculptures, 212

seashells, 13

sea travel, 160–65,
162–63

Second Central Asian Expedition, 167, 168

Semireche, 196

Serindia
(Stein), 35, 176

shamanism, 229

Shamasena, 52

Shan, Kingdom of, 41

Shandong Peninsula, 161–64

Shang dynasty, 13, 235–36

Shanpula, 199, 201,
204

Shanshan Kingdom, 26,
28–29
, 40, 42, 55.
See also
Kroraina Kingdom

Shatial site, 31

Shi Le, 117

Shi Pantuo, 85

Shi Randian, 104

Shiva, 122

Shi Wirkak, 143, 146,
147

shizhong
, 44

Shouchang, 185

Sidaka, 215–16

Siddhabhadra, 211

Sieg, Emil, 70–73, 211

Siegling, Wilhelm, 70–73, 211

silk

and Dandan Uiliq painting, 213

and diplomatic envoys, 225–26

and Kroraina Kingdom, 38–40,
40
, 42–43, 49–51

monetary value of, 96, 103, 192–93, 225–26,
color plate 5A

production of, 19–20 “royal silk,” 49

and Samarkand, 138

and the Sogdian Ancient Letters, 119

spread of silk technology, 238

and the Tang dynasty, 184

and Turfan, 91

Silk Road, routes of,
color plate 2–3

invention of the term, 6–8

of Kucha region,
58–59

main Eurasian routes,
6–7

and pilgrimages to India,
162–63

popular perceptions of, 6–10

of Taklamakan desert, 6,
22–23

of Turfan region,
86–87

The Silk Road
(Hedin), 8

Silla, 165

silver

and Hejiacun Village Hoard,
153, 155

ingots, 217

tax biscuits, 152, 157

See also
silver
under
coins
entry

Sims-Williams, Nicholas, 116

Skjærvø, Prods Oktor, 210

slavery, 3, 45, 48, 104, 183–84, 224

Small Goose Pagoda, 151

Sogdians and Sogdiana,
115

and the Afrasiab murals, 125,
128
, 129, 138–39,
color plate 11B

and An Jia’s tomb,
color plate 14

and the An Lushan rebellion, 157–58

and anti-foreign sentiment, 159–60

and Chang’an, 103, 143–47,
145, 147
, 149–50, 157–59

and Christianity, 109

and cultural exchange, 4–5

and diplomatic envoys, 17

and Dunhuang cave

documents, 181, 182, 195–96, 241

and Hejiacun Village Hoard, 154–55,
155

and the horse trade, 81

and Karakorum Highway

inscriptions, 31

and Khotanese, 210

and Kumarajiva, 56

languages of, 56, 71–72, 113

and Loulan documents, 43

and migrant populations, 22–23, 239

and the Mount Mugh letters, 129–39

and the Panjikent excavations, 121–26,
124
, 134–35, 138–39

and Samarkand, 4–5, 31, 43, 113–20, 121

Sogdian Ancient Letters, 116–20,
120–21
, 138, 160, 173, 239

and travels to India, 164–65

and Turfan, 21, 83, 85–86, 91, 98–99

and Xuanzang’s travels, 113–16

Song dynasty, 94, 192, 222

Soviet Union, 130

Sri Lanka, 156, 160, 161

statues, 204–5,
206

Steel Road, 113

Stein, Aurel

and Astana graveyard site,
84

cataloguing of finds, 208

and Dandan Uiliq, 217–18

and the Dunhuang caves, 167–77,
172
, 180–81, 196–97

funding for expeditions, 212

and itinerant traders, 237–38

and Khotan, 176–77, 207, 209, 212

and Kroraina Kingdom sites, 12–13, 25–27, 30, 32–38, 42–43, 45–47, 53–54

and Rawak, 204–5,
205, 206

and the Sogdian Ancient Letters, 116

and Turfan, 93, 95

and Xinjiang province, 233

on Xuanzang’s travels, 85

steles, 149,
150

stupas

of Karakorum Highway, 30,
31

at Kizil caves, 61–62,
62

at Niya, 33–35, 52–54,
53
, 205,
color plate 6

at Rawak, 204–6,
205
, 207

subsistence economy, 43, 79, 197, 224, 237

Sufism, 232–34

Sui dynasty, 79, 85, 141, 147, 168–69

Sumatra, 164

Supis, 49, 51, 54

Suvarnadeva, 77

Suzong, 107–8

Syrians, 231

Taizong, Tang-dynasty Emperor, 125, 148, 151, 211

Tajikistan, 130

Taklamakan Desert

and Dandan Uiliq, 212

and de Goes’ caravan, 232

and distribution of languages, 72, 75

glacial rivers of, 58

and Han dynasty trade, 18

and Hedin’s explorations, 11–12, 242,
color plate 10

and Kroraina Kingdom, 27, 33, 55