The Silk Road: A New History (64 page)

negotiation for Dunhuang artifacts, 174–77

nephrite, 207

Nestorians, 110, 149

New Persian, 217,
219

Nisi Chilag, 218

Niya

abandonment of, 54

and banditry, 240

and Buddhism, 51–54,
53
, 61, 172, 206, 225

climate of, 38, 199 coins of, 48–49, 91

and diplomatic envoys, 50, 94, 236

and extent of Silk Road trade, 237

and Gandhari-speaking residents, 32

and Hedin’s explorations, 38, 43

joint burials at,
color plate 7

and Kharoshthi script documents, 33, 35, 40, 42–44,
46
, 46–47, 51, 202

and Khotanese documents, 199

languages of, 56–57

and migrant populations, 21, 236–37, 239

silk artifacts of,
40

and Stein’s explorations, 25–30, 33–38,
37
, 42–43, 167, 173–74, 207, 209

stupas, 33–35, 52–54,
53
, 205,
color plate 6

and travel passes, 36–37, 104

wooden carvings of, 38

and the Yuezhi, 71

nomadic people, 65, 73, 90, 200–201,
203. See also
migrant populations

Norman Conquest, 210

Northern Liang dynasty, 172

Northern Qi dynasty, 143

Northern Wei dynasty, 55, 141–43, 144

Northern Zhou dynasty, 143, 144, 146–47

Ol’denburg, S.F., 175

Old Khotanese, 210

Ordam Padishah Mazar, 234

ossuaries, 98, 123,
123
, 143, 239

Ōtani Kozui, 12, 82

Ot-tegin, 133

padam face masks,
123
, 128,
145
,
147

paintings

An Jia’s tomb, 144,
color plate 14

Bezelik caves,
color plate 9

and Dandan Uiliq,
213

and Dunhuang caves, 24, 167–69,
168
, 172–79,
178
, 181, 186, 188–90,
189, 223
, 240

and Kizil caves, 61–65,
62, 63

and Manichaeism, 111

and Sogdian culture, 116, 121,
124
, 125–29,
126
, 138–39, 154

stupa at Niya,
53
, 53–54

Palembang, 164

Pamir Knot, 10, 27

Panchatantra (Indian tales), 125

Panjikent excavations, 121–26,
124, 126
, 134–39, 154

paper

early uses of,
16

and funerary garments,
2

and Khotanese envoys, 222

in Kucha, 77

and monastery schools, 179

and Mount Mugh excavations, 132

reuse of,
2
, 3–4, 24, 83,
84
, 94, 137, 151, 177

in Samarkand, 137–38

and Sogdian documents, 117–18

spread of, 15, 137–39, 238

and trade product, 5–6

and Turfan, 83,
84
, 92

See also
printing

Parthia, 202

Parthian language, 182

pawn tickets,
140
, 151

Pax Mongolica, 229

Pazyryk, 13–14

pearls, 50, 151, 156, 159, 165, 194, 196, 240

Pelliot, Paul

and Duldur Aqur, 74–75, 79–80

and Dunhuang cave, 175–77, 180, 183

and Kucha, 65, 77

and Xinjiang documents, 12

Pem, 230

Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
, 18–19

Persian language, 137, 217–18.
See also
Middle Persian

Petrie, William Matthew Flinders, 176–77

petroleum, 75

Petrovsky, Nikolai, 211

Phema, 230

photography, 176

phrasebooks, 220–21, 240

pilgrimages, 221, 234,
color plate 16B

Pinault, Georges-Jean, 74, 78

pinyin, 70

plaid textiles, 13

Pliny the Elder, 19–20

poetry, 77, 188

Polo, Marco, 10, 229, 241–42

“The Polyglot Library,” 181

porcelain, 165

posatha
ceremonies, 51

pothi
, 180

poverty, 118–19

“Praise of the World of Light” (hymn scroll), 182

precious stones, 194

prefectures, 79, 91

prenuptial agreements, 133–34

printing, 138, 179,
236. See also
paper

Protectorate General of Anxi, 91

Protvantak, 146

Ptolemy, 7, 19

Puloti, Abdulhamid, 129–30

Punyavan, 73–74

Qadir Khan, Yusuf, 227

Qarlups, 137

Qin dynasty, 19

Qing dynasty, 9, 111, 169, 232–33

Qinghai Mountains, 9

Qu family, 90, 91

Quianfodong caves at Dunhuang, 172

Qutayba ibn Muslim, 129

Qu Wentai, 89, 91

raiding, 49–51, 185, 213.
See also
robbers and bandits

railroad lines, 8,
color plate 2–3

Ramshotsa, 45–46

Rapson, E. J., 43

Rawak, 10, 199, 204,
205, 206

Record of Travels to the West
(Xuanzang), 115

redistribution of land, 91–92

refugees

and cultural exchange, 4

and dispersal of technologies, 239

and Kroraina Kingdom, 26, 45

Sasanian, 149

Sogdian, 22–23

Uighur, 190–91

use of Silk Road routes, 238

See also
migrant populations

religious tolerance, 146, 181–82, 241

retail trade, 122

Ricci, Matteo, 232

Richthofen, Ferdinand von, 6–8, 235

and “Silk Road” term,
color plate 2–3

river travel, 58–60, 141–43

robbers and bandits artwork depicting,
193

and de Goes, 231

and diplomatic delegations, 225

and Dunhuang caves, 188

and Sogdian traders, 103

use of Silk Road routes, 238

and Xuanzang’s travels, 113, 192, 240

See also
raiding

rock crystal, 155

Roman Empire

and diplomatic envoys, 18

and Dunhuang documents, 197

intermittent contact with China, 19–21

and Kroraina Kingdom, 54

Roman coins in China, 9, 20,
color plate 4A

and Shanpula graveyard

artifacts, 202

and silk production, 19

and Turfan, 97

Rong Xinjiang, 176, 177, 228

Rouran confederacy, 55, 75, 94

Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 209

royal orders.
See
edicts

royal silk, 49

rubies, 156

Ruins of Desert Cathay
(Stein), 173

Rulers of the Heavens, 169

Russia, 167, 233

Rustam (Stein’s assistant), 45, 125

sabao
headmen

An Jia, 144,
145, color plate 14

bureaucratic ranking of, 274n11

etymology of, 265n58, 277n58

Faxian on, 160

and migrant populations, 239