The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (130 page)

OAS (Organization of American States)
227, 542

Obasanjo, Olusegun
477–8, 482, 484–5

occupations, international law on
580–96

administration of territories 571–2, 581

Afghanistan 594–6

Allied occupations of Germany and Japan after World War II 565, 566, 585

authorization by SC 583, 588–9

Cold War 581

collective security 14

de facto
occupations 37, 594–5

East Timor 593–4, 596

Geneva Convention IV (1949) 583–6, 606

Geneva Protocol I (1977) 584governance 607

Hague Regulations 1907 583–5, 606

Haiti 589–90, 596

historic scope of occupation law 583–6

humanitarian intervention 585, 586

inconsistency with nation-building and transformative mandate 580–1, 584–5, 605

international humanitarian law 587–8

jus cogens
588, 606

Kosovo 591–2, 596

law in force in country, respect for 584, 586

multilateral intervention 586

nation-building mandates 582–3, 606

peacekeeping operations 581, 586, 588–9

physical welfare of population 584

political, social and legal order, purpose of transforming 570, 576–8, 581

prolonged occupation 585

responsibility to protect concept 587, 607

SC-mandated occupations, role of occupation law in 587–8

SC Res. 1483 (2003) 581

SC resolutions, regulation by 588, 589, 606

status of forces agreements 588

temporary occupation 585

transformative interventions 581–91, 593, 594–5

UN Charter
Chapter VII
583, 588

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)
212–13

Office of the Special Coordinator for the Occupied Territories (UNSCO)
314–15, 322

Ohrid Framework (2001)
423

oil

Gulf War (1991) 386

Iraq 390–2, 403

Oil-for-Food Programme (OFF) 52, 209–10, 212, 390–2, 403, 599, 600

sanctions 208–9, 390–2, 403, 476, 600

Sierra Leone 476

Volcker Inquiry 52, 209, 391–2, 403–4

Okun, Herbert
418, 422

Olonisakin, Funmi
193

Olympics (1972), attack on Israelis at Munich
609

Omar, Mohammed (Mullah)
457, 460

ombudspersons, role of
575

omissions
39

ONUC (UN Operation in the Congo)
168–73, 181–5, 200, 628, 633
see also
Congo

ONUCA (UN Observer Group in Central America)
185

ONUMOZ (UN Operation in Mozambique)
191

ONUSAL (UN Observer Mission to El Salvador)
190, 191

ONUVEN (UN Mission for the Verification of elections in Nicaragua)
24, 191

Opande, Daniel
472–3, 475

open security architecture
64–6

Opération Artémis
123, 198

Operation Deliberate Force
196, 241, 436–7

Operation Desert Fox
393, 395

Operation Desert Shield
385

Operation Desert Storm
89–90, 187, 387

Operation Enduring Freedom
97, 595

Operation Gibraltar
335

Operation Iraqi Freedom
91, 402, 596–9, 603–4

Opération Licorne
481

Opération Litani
311–12

Operation Provide Comfort
390, 393, 519, 555

Operation Restore Hope
555

Operation Stabilize
553

Operation Turquoise
25, 111, 546

Oren, Michael
307

OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe),
422, 438, 573
see also
CSCE

Oslo Accords (1993)
314–16, 504

Ouattara, Alassane
470, 483

Ouellet, André
118

Ould-Abdallah, Ahmedou
488

Owen, David
419, 422, 445–7

P5

Afghanistan 453–7, 464–5

and creation of SC 63, 73–4, 79–83

Arab-Israeli wars 313

Cold War 259–60

collective action 6

consent 134

East Timor 349, 351–2, 355, 358, 364

great powers, SC and 134–44

Gulf War (1991) 385

India-Pakistan wars 324, 345

informal negotiations, use of 164

Iran-Iraq War (1980–8) 369, 370–4, 378–83

Iraq 389, 390, 538

war in (2003) 256–7, 398–9, 402

Kosovo 550

Military Staff Committee 8, 250

non-permanent members 251

nuclear weapons 47

peacekeeping operations 180, 184, 201–2, 260

privileges of 134, 136

reform of SC 32–5

terrorism 609, 621

UN Charter, provisions regarding use of force 87

unanimity 73–4, 79, 142

Uniting for Peace Resolution 164–5

United Kingdom 260

veto 6, 8, 12, 19, 165, 251, 259–60

Yugoslavia, former 414

Padilla Nervo, Luis
276

Pakistan
see also
India-Pakistan wars

Afghanistan 456, 461

jihadists 456

Khan A Q 612

Taliban, sanctions against 461

training camps for terrorists 497

UNGOMAP (UN Good Offices Mission in Afghanistan and Pakistan) 185, 455

United States 326, 335, 339, 342

Palestine
see also
Arab-Israeli wars

humanitarian law, SC resolutions on 529

Palestinian Authority 504

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 311–12

statehood of 319

United States 319

Uniting for Peace Resolution 155, 161–4, 167–8, 174

Papua New Guinea
632, 634

Paris Protocols (1994)
314

Pasha, Azzam
301

Pasvolsky, Leo
70, 71–3, 80

Patten, Chris
397

Paul-Boncour, Joseph
69–71

Peace of Westphalia (1648)
13

peacebuilding

internal armed conflicts 509

Lebanon 510

Liberia 488, 491–2

missions to facilitate implementation of peace agreements 23

Peacebuilding Commission 252, 488, 576, 607

SC Res. 1645 (2005) 130, 576

Peacebuilding Support Office 252

Sierra Leone 479–80, 488, 491–2

territorial administration 576

peacekeeping operations
175–204
see also
individual peacekeeping operations (i.e. UNAVEM)

Afghanistan 185, 201, 462

Agenda for Peace
186–8, 189

Arab-Israeli wars 303–4, 311–12, 322–3

armed force, mandates for use of 22

armed forces, operation in conjunction with UN authorised 22–3

Bosnia 193–200

Brahimi Report (Report of the Panel on Peace Operations) 178, 198–201

buffer zones, monitoring of 191

Cambodia 190, 192, 203

capacity-building 492, 567, 615

casualties, sustaining 128

ceasefire agreements, monitoring of 191

Central America 185

Chapter 6
¹
õõ/
₂
operations 7

coercive activities 22

Cold War 175–6, 178–84, 187, 201–3

Congo 181–4, 185, 200

consent 98, 170–1, 176–7, 181, 203, 508–10

Côte d’Ivoire 481–5, 487

decolonization 184

Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) 130, 250

developing countries, burden on 260

dual role 22

East Timor 362–3

El Salvador 190

elections, support for 191

enforcement 22–3, 130

failed states 176

France 198

GA 22, 179–80

great powers, SC and 144

guidelines, establishment of 113

history of UN field operations, phases in 177–8

human rights obligations, monitoring of 191

humanitarian impulse 188–92

humanitarian law, SC resolutions on 526–7

humanitarian relief, creation of secure conditions for delivery of 191

impartiality 168–9, 171–2, 176–7, 181, 203

internal armed conflicts 188–9

Congo 181–4

impartiality 176–7

interposition between adversaries 180–1

intra-state conflict and humanitarian impulse 188–92

Kosovo 439

Liberia 190, 469, 471–6, 486, 487–9

limitations 176

list of tasks 191, 202–3

mercenaries 636, 638–40

military occupations, international law on 581, 586, 588–9

Mozambique 190, 182

Namibia 23, 185–7

national forces, operation in conjunction with 23

non-involvement in wars, SC 500, 511–12

P5 180, 184, 201–2, 260

Pakistan 185

post-conflict peacebuilding 130

preventive deployments of UN troops 191