The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (126 page)

regions, SC resolutions addressing

particular 523

sanctions for violations of 528

SC Res. 955 (1994) 521, 533

SC Res. 1261 (1999) 532

SC Res. 1265 (1999) 524, 548

SC Res. 1296 (2000) 526, 527, 531, 548

SC Res. 1502 (2003) 521, 523, 524

SC Res. 1545 (2004) 202, 510, 522, 523, 524, 525

SC Res. 1577 (2004) 528

SC Res. 1606 (2005) 527

SC Res. 1641 (2005) 525

SC Res. 1674 (2006) 522, 532, 548, 557, 587, 607

SC Res. 1738 (2006) 548

SC resolutions on 529, 530

Secretary-General 525–7

specific acts or persons, SC resolutions on 522–3, 524–5, 528

substance of humanitarian law 530–1

Taliban 528

terrorism 529–30, 532

treaties and conventions, invocation of 524

UN Convention on Rights of Child (1989), support for protocol on children in armed conflict to 532

Western Sahara 530

Yugoslavian conflict, guidelines on amnesties 531

international institutions

accountability of SC 40

advantages of 143, 152

comparison of SC to 2, 30

effectiveness of 46, 48

examples of 23–4

financial institutions 552, 570, 577

growth in 46

humanitarian law, SC resolutions on 526–7, 533–4

peace and security 27

relationship of UN with 18–19

relationship to great powers 133–4, 143, 152

territorial administration 575

terrorism 619

international law
see also
international criminal tribunals; international humanitarian law; occupation law; use of force

erga omnes
582, 606

influence of SC on development of international law 43–4

jus cogens
38, 582–3, 588, 599, 600, 603, 606

law-making role of SC 27, 34, 145, 404, 520, 521, 522, 532, 533, 570, 620–1

legality of use of force 26–31, 86–98, 536–7

maintenance of international peace and security, tension between law and 34, 35–6

overriding 37–8, 533

relationship of SC to 37–8

rule of law 34, 36–7, 139, 249, 576, 592, 607

threats to international peace and security 37

UN Charter 37

International Law Commission (ILC)
637

International Peace Academy (IPA)
222–3

international peace and security, maintenance of
34, 35–7

international law, upholding 34, 35–6

preventive military action 35

rule of law 36–7

SC Res. 1318 (2000) 15

SC responsibility for 1, 5

selectivity 36

UN Charter 35

international armed conflicts
see also
entries on individual wars

bipolar/unipolar structure of international relations 47

casualties, number of 44

causes of decline 45–8

characterization as international conflict 7–8

collective legitimizer for use of armed force, SC as 31

colonial wars, decline in 48

decline in international armed conflicts 44–8, 54, 87–8, 249, 508

economic utility of war, decline in 46

extra-systemic armed conflict, definition of 45

internationalization of conflicts 625, 629, 635

internationalized internal armed conflict, definition of 45

nuclear weapons 46–7

SC, strength of record of 53

Uniting for Peace Resolution 167

interstate armed conflicts
see
international armed conflicts

Intifada
317–20

intra-state armed conflicts
see
internal armed conflicts

Iran
see also
Iran-Iraq War (1980–8)

Arab-Israeli wars 321

axis of evil 397

hostages in US embassy 371

International Atomic Energy Agency, referral to SC by 321

SC Res. 457 (1979) 371

SC Res. 461 (1979) 371

Iran-Iraq War (1980–8)
368–83

arms deals with Iraq 380, 382

casualties, number of 382–3

ceasefires 373, 380–1

chemical weapons, use of 374–6, 377, 383

China and 380

cities, war of the 376–7, 381

civilians, targeting 376–7, 378, 381, 383

Cold War 382

collective security 369

enforcement 380

France and 371, 380

invasion of Iran by Iraq 369–73

Kurds, use of chemical weapons by Iraq against 374–6, 377

SC meetings 370, 379–80

outbreak of war 369–72

P5 and 369, 370–4, 378–83

partisanship of SC 369

SC Res. 479 (1980) 370

SC Res. 514 (1982) 373

SC Res. 522 (1982) 373

SC Res. 540 (1983) 376, 377

SC Res. 552 (1984) 377

SC Res. 582 (1986) 375

SC Res. 588 (1986) 379

SC Res. 598 (1987) 375, 381

SC Res. 612 (1988) 375

SC Res. 616 (1988) 379

shipping, attacks on commercial 377–9

Soviet Union and 369, 371–2, 378, 380

termination of war 368–9, 379–81

threats to international peace and security 370

UN Charter 370

UNIIMOG (UN Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group) 184, 5, 381

United Kingdom and 371, 380

United States and 369, 371–4, 378–82

Iraq
see also
Gulf War (1991); Iran-Iraq War (1980–8); Iraq, war in (2003); military occupation of Iraq; Saddam Hussein

Arab-Israeli wars 313

arms embargoes 214

biological weapons 394

border demarcation 388

China and 389, 391, 393, 539

customary international law 389

disarmament 208–9, 394–6, 403–4

enforcement of resolutions 392–3, 539

France 389, 390, 391, 392–3, 396, 538

great powers, SC and 138–9, 142, 145, 150

ground presence in northern Iraq 390

India 389

International Atomic Energy Agency 394–6

Kurds 389, 390, 554

refugees 389, 390, 538

safe havens 390, 555

SC Res. 688 (1991) 389, 538–9

threats to international peace and security 538–9

no-fly zones (NFZ) 390, 393

nuclear reactor, Israeli attacks on 95, 313

Operation Desert Fox 393, 395

Operation Provide Comfort 390, 393, 519, 555

P5 404

private security companies 627

refugees 389, 390, 538

relief drops 390

reparations claims, judicial determination of 388

Russia 389, 391, 393, 539

safe havens in northern Iraq 389–91, 538–9, 554, 555

sanctions

economic 388, 390–2

great powers, SC and 138–9, 142

humanitarian impact 211–12

Oil-for-Food Programme 52, 209–10, 212, 390–2, 403, 599, 600

weakness of SC 52

SC Res. 487 (1981) 394

SC Res. 715 (1991) 394

SC Res. 778 (1992) 391

SC Res. 949 (1994) 394

SC Res. 986 (1995) 391

SC Res. 1051 (1996) 394

SC Res. 1060 (1996) 394

SC Res. 1137 (1997) 395

SC Res. 1284 (1999) 396

SC Res. 1441 (2002) 398

SC Res. 1500 (2003) 257, 602

SC Res. 1538 (2004) 92

September 11 attacks on United States 396

threats to international peace and security 538–9

treaty obligations, imposition of new 388

Turkey 538

UN Charter 388–9, 539

unilateral enforcement of resolutions 392–3

United Kingdom 389, 390, 391–2

United States 208, 210, 389–92, 395–6

UNMOVIC (UN Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission) 396

veto 539

Volcker Inquiry 52, 209, 391–2, 403–4

war by other means 403

weakness of SC 52

weapons inspection 388, 394–6

expulsion of inspectors 394–5

Ongoing Monitoring and Verification (OMV) 394

UN Special Commission (UNSCOM) 394–6

weapons of mass destruction, history of 394

Iraq, war in (2003)
256–8, 384, 396–403
see also
military occupation of Iraq; UNAMI

aftermath 402

al-Qaeda 396–7, 400

axis of evil 397

biological weapons 397–8

chemical weapons 397–8

China 400

coalition of the willing 257–8, 383, 402–3

Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) 402

damage done to UN 258, 402–3

European Union 397, 402

France 399–402

Germany 400, 402

ground war 402

inspections 384, 398–400

intelligence 398

International Atomic Energy Commission 399, 400

mercenaries 627

nuclear programme 400

Operation Iraqi Freedom 402

P5 256–7, 398–9, 402

Reliance on Security Council resolutions 150, 401

Russia 400–1

sanctions, inspections plus 384

SC Res. 1472 (2003) 524, 596