The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (137 page)

29.
J. G. Wood,
The Common Objects of the Country
(London: G. Rutledge, 1858), p. 33.

30.
Reverend J. G. Wood,
Home Without Hands: Being a Description of the Habitations of Animals, Classed According to Their Principle of Construction
(New York: Appleton, 1866), pp. 362–369.

31.
Corrine Roosevelt Robinson,
My Brother, Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Scribner, 1921), p. 2.

32.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
, p. 6.

33.
Carl Safina,
Song for the Blue Ocean: Encounters along the World’s Coasts and Beneath the Seas
(New York: Holt, 1997), pp. 399–400.

34.
Paul Russell Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 2.

35.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
, pp. 14–16.

36.
Theodore Roosevelt Museum Inventory List for 1867. Also published in Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist
, p. 3.

37.
T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” pp. 321–325.

38.
David McCullough,
Mornings on Horseback
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), p. 119.

39.
Jonathan Rosen,
The Life of the Skies: Birding at the End of Nature
(New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2008), p. 128.

40.
T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,” pp. 321–324.

41.
T.R. to Martha Bulloch Roosevelt (April 28, 1868).

42.
T.R. to Theodore Roosevelt, Sr. (April 30, 1868).

43.
T.R. Childhood Drawings. Houghton Library, Harvard Universiy.

44.
Deborah Solomon, “Inspiration on the Hudson,”
New York Times
(August 21, 1988).

45.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Life: Three Weeks of My Life, Age Nine Years, August 1868” (August 10 to September 5, 1868).

46.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
, pp. 4–5.

47.
Robert E. Bieder,
Bear
(London: Reaktion, 2005), pp. 74–101.

48.
Paul Schullery,
American Bears: Selections from the Writings of Theodore Roosevelt
(Boulder, Col.: Robert Rinehart, 1997), p. 59.

49.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Theodore Roosevelt of U.S.A.” (May 12 to September 9, 1869).

50.
Ibid., “My Journal in Switzerland” (August 15, 1869).

51.
Ibid., diary entry (August 6, 1869).

52.
Ibid., “My Journal of Northern Italy” (September 9 to October 20, 1869), diary entry (September 13, 1869).

53.
Ibid., “My Journal of Northern Italy” (September 9 to October 20, 1869).

54.
“Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka, Design Museums Touring Exhibition,” Dresden National History Museum Catalog. Dresden Historical Center, Germany. The museum was torn down in 1944 (online: no author).

55.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Journal in Prussia” (October 21 to October 28, 1869).

56.
Ibid. (October 26, 1869).

57.
Ibid. (December 3 to December 31, 1869).

58.
Ibid.

59.
Ibid., “My Journal in Italy” (December 14 to March 9, 1870), entry (December 21, 1869).

60.
Ibid., “My Journal in Italy,” entries (January 17, 18, 19, 1870).

61.
Ibid. (December 14 to March 9, 1870), entry (March 1, 1870).

62.
Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist
, p. 20.

63.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “My Journal in England” (May 25 to September 10, 1870).

64.
Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist,
p. 4.

65.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Now My Journal in the United States” (May 25 to September 10, 1870), entry (June 6, 1871, Spuyten Duyvil, New York).

66.
W. H. H. Murray,
Adventures in the Wilderness; Or Camp-Life in the Adirondacks
(Boston, Mass.: Fields, Osgood, 1869).

67.
Philip G. Terrie,
Forever Wild: A Cultural History of the Adirondacks
(Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1994), pp. 68–71.

68.
Thomas Jefferson quoted ibid., p. 22.

69.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “In the Adirondacks and the White Mountains” (August 1 to August 31, 1871), entry (August 4, 1871, Plattsburgh, New York).

70.
T.R. to Josephine Dodge Daskam (May 7, 1901).

71.
James Fenimore Cooper,
The Pioneer
(Riverside, Cambridge: D. Appleton & Company, 1876), p. 247. Also see Hugh C. MacDougall, “James Fenimore Cooper: Pioneer of the Environmental Movement,” James Fenimore Cooper Society Archives (online). This talk was first written in April 1990 for a program on Earth Day; since then it has been given, with minor changes, before a number of audiences in the Cooperstown area. The version cited here was given in 1999 to the Adirondack Club in Oneonta.

72.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “In the Adirondacks and White Mountains” (August 1 to August 31, 1871), entry (August 18, 1871).

73.
David W. Blight,
Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 2.

74.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
, p. 9.

75.
Emlen Roosevelt quoted in Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Coward, McCann, and Geoghegan, 1979), p. 35.

76.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
, pp. 7–8.

77.
David McCullough,
Mornings on Horseback
, pp. 29–30.

78.
History of American Museum of Natural History, New York, Founding Documents. (File.)

79.
“New York’s New Museum,”
New York Times
(December 23, 1877), p. 1.

80.
Carter B. Horsley, “The Museum of Natural History,” in
The Upper West Side Book
(City Review, 2007).

81.
“Natural History Museum: Costly Building in Central Park,”
New York Times
(December 20, 1877), p. 2.

82.
“New York’s New Museum.”

83.
Joseph Wallace,
A Gathering of Wonders: Behind the Scenes at the American Museum of Natural History
(New York: St. Martin’s, 2000), p. 142.

84.
McCullough,
Mornings on Horseback
, p. 118.

85.
American Museum of Natural History, Founding Documents.

86.
For an interpretation of racism, imperialism, and sexism in the American Museum of Natural History’s Roosevelt memorial, see Donna Haraway, “Teddy Bear Patriarchy: Taxidermy in the Garden of Eden, New York City, 1908–1936,”
Social Text
, No. 11 (Winter 1984–1985), pp. 20–64.

2: A
NIMAL
R
IGHTS AND
E
VOLUTION

1.
Stephen Zawistowski, “Companion Animal Population—Historical Context and Future Directions,” SPAY USA Conference (July 7, 2000). (Transcript.)

2.
Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 98.

3.
Steve Zawistowski,
Companion Animals in Society
(Clifton Park, N.Y.: Thomas Delmar Learning, 2008), pp. 53–55.

4.
T.R. to Mark Sullivan (September 9, 1908).

5.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), pp. 434–35. The quotation first appeared in
Outlook
(January 25, 1913).

6.
Ibid.

7.
Gary Francione,
Rain without Thunder: The Ideology of the Animal Rights Movement
(Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1996), p. 6.

8.
T.R. to Philip Bathell Stewart (July 16, 1901).

9.
Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “When Human Rights Extend to Non Humans,”
New York Times
(July 13, 2008), p. 3.

10.
Henry Bergh Clipping File, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Archives, New York.

11.
Mildred Mastin Pace,
Friend of Animals: The Story of Henry Bergh
(New York: Scribner, 1942), pp. 25–27.

12.
Thomas Paine,
The Age of Reason
(New York: Eckler Edition, 1915), pp. 67–68.

13.
Stephen Zawistowski to Douglas Brinkley, May 7, 2008.

14.
Henry Bergh Clipping File, ASPCA Archives, New York.

15.
Bergh quoted in Pace,
Friend of Animals,
p. 31.

16.
William C. Spragens (ed.),
Popular Images of American Presidents
(Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988), p. 187.

17.
ASPCA Chapter Archive, New York.
See also Letters to the Editor,
New York Times
(July 23, 1868), p. 2.

18.
Murat Halstead,
The Life of Theodore Roosevelt: The Twenty-Fifth President of the United States
(Akron, Ohio: Saalfield, 1902), pp. 28–29.

19.
Roswell Cheney McCrea,
The Humane Movement
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1910), p. 150.

20.
A. H. Saxon,
P. T. Barnum: The Legend and the Man
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1989), pp. 233–238. Also see Lane and Zawistowski,
Heritage of Care
, pp. 24–25.

21.
Pace,
Friend of Animals
, pp. 34–118. Also see Henry Bergh Clipping Files, ASPCA Archive.

22.
Ibid., pp. 41–48.

23.
“The Real Story of Mary Ellen Wilson” (October 2008), American Humane Archive, Englewood, Col. (Online pamphlet.)

24.
“Protection for Children,”
New York Times
(December 17, 1874), p. 3.

25.
Halstead,
The Life of Theodore Roosevelt
, p. 30.

26.
Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
, pp. 39–40.

27.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872 to May 12, 1873), diary entries (October 15 to October 25, 1872), Ship.

28.
Joel Ellis Holloway,
Dictionary of Birds of the United States: Scientific and Common Names
(Portland, Ore.: Timber, 2003), p. 25.

29.
T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,”
American Museum Journal,
Vol. 18 (May 1918), pp. 321–329.

30.
Paul Russell Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Making of a Conservationist
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), p. 32.

31.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873) entry (October 25, 1872), Liverpool.

32.
Paul Russell Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist
(New York: Harper, 1956), p. 7.

33.
“On the Return of the Arab Courier,” Carnegie Museum of Natural History (Clipping File), Pittsburgh, Pa.

34.
Ibid.

35.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873), entry (November 1, 1872), Liverpool.

36.
Ibid. (November 28, 1872), Alexandria.

37.
Ibid. (November 30, 1872), Cairo.

38.
Ibid. (December 1, 1872), Cairo.

39.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
, pp. 19–20.

40.
T.R.,
My Life as a Naturalist
, pp. 321–333.

41.
Ibid., pp. 321–325.

42.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872, to May 12, 1873), entry (December 29, 1872).

43.
Ibid. (February 24, 1873), Jerusalem.

44.
Ibid. (March 4, 1873), Mart Saba.

45.
Ibid. (March 17, 1873), Damascus.

46.
Ibid. (March 6, 1873), several miles from Hebron.

47.
Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt,
p. 69.

48.
Mayne Reid,
The Boy Hunters
(London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1852), pp. 63–67.

49.
T.R. Boyhood Diaries, “Journal of Travels to Europe, Including Egypt and Holy Land” (October 16, 1872 to May 12, 1873), April.

50.
Ibid. (April 28, 1873), Vienna.

51.
Corinne Roosevelt Robinson,
My Brother Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1921). pp. 77–78.

52.
Henry James,
Madonna of the Future
(London: Macmillan, 1883), p. 38.

53.
Janet Browne,
Darwin’s Origin of Species
(New York: Grove, 2008), pp. 99–100.

54.
Ernst Mayr, “Darwin’s Influence on Modern Thought,”
Scientific Review
(July 2000), pp. 79–83.

55.
T.R. to Oliver Wendell Holmes (October 21, 1904).

56.
T.R. to George Otto Trevelyan (January 23, 1904).

57.
Charles Darwin,
On the Origin of Spe
cies
(1859 edition), pp. 665–666. Original first edition published in November 1859.