The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America (136 page)

Status Note:
Other NWR
means the original reservation has been absorbed into a larger NWR
No. Fed. Land
indicates valid state/private claims area eroded away completely, or reservoirs transferred to water users.
Bur. Recl
, indicates the Reclamation Project became more important than the secondary withdrawal for wildlife.
Impt. Recl
. indicates recreation became a dominant use and the refuge was revoked. (Code by Reffalt.)

N
ATIONAL
G
AME
P
RESERVES
C
REATED BY
T
HEODORE
R
OOSEVELT
, 1901–1909

1. Wichita Forest, Oklahoma—June 2, 1905. Land added May 29, 1906. This was the first federal game preserve.

2. Grand Canyon, Arizona—June 23, 1908. Note that the Grand Canyon also became a national monument in 1908.

3. Fire Island Moose Reservation, Alaska—February 27, 1909.

4. National Bison Range, Montana—March 4, 1909.

N
ATIONAL
P
ARKS
C
REATED BY
T
HEODORE
R
OOSEVELT
, 1901–1909

1. Crater Lake National Park, Oregon—May 22, 1902.

2. Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota—January 9, 1903.

3. Sullys Hill, North Dakota—June 2, 1904; became a national game preserve in 1914.

4. Platt National Park, Oklahoma—June 29, 1906; now part of Chickasaw National Recreation Area.

5. Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado—June 29, 1906.

6. Dry Tortugas National Park—saved as a federal bird reservation it became a national monument in 1935 and then a national park on October 26, 1992.

Theodore Roosevelt National Park, near Medora, North Dakota, was established in 1947 as a memorial to the great “conservationist president.” Located in the Badlands of western North Dakota, where T.R. was a cattle rancher in the 1880s, Theodore Roosevelt National Park consists of three units with a total of about 110 square miles.

N
ATIONAL
M
ONUMENTS
C
REATED BY
T
HEODORE
R
OOSEVELT
, 1901–1909

1. Devils Tower, Wyoming, September 24, 1906

2. El Morro, New Mexico, December 8, 1906

3. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, December 8, 1906

4. Petrified Forest, Arizona, December 8, 1906 (became a national park in 1962)

5. Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, March 11, 1907

6. Lassen Peak, California, May 6, 1907 (became part of Lassen Volcanic National Park in 1916)

7. Cinder Cone, California, May 6, 1907 (became part of Lassen Volcanic National Park in 1916)

8. Gila Cliff Dwellings, New Mexico, November 16, 1907

9. Tonto, Arizona, December 19, 1907

10. Muir Woods, California, January 9, 1908

11. Grand Canyon, Arizona, January 11, 1908 (became an enlarged national park in 1919)

12. Pinnacles, California, January 16, 1908

13. Jewel Cave, South Dakota, February 7, 1908

14. Natural Bridges, Utah, April 16, 1908

15. Lewis and Clark, Montana, May 11, 1908 (later given to the Forest Service, in 1950)

16. Tumacacori, Arizona, September 15, 1908

17. Wheeler, Colorado, December 7, 1908 (transferred to the Forest Service in 1950)

18. Mount Olympus, Washington, March 2, 1909 (now part of Olympic National Park)

NOTES

* Unless otherwise noted all Theodore Roosevelt letters cited are at the Library of Congress and Harvard University. All will soon be available online courtesy of Dickinson State University’s Theodore Roosevelt Center in North Dakota.

P
ROLOGUE
: “I So D
ECLARE
I
T
”

1.
Theodore Roosevelt’s America: Selections from the Writings of the Oyster Bay Naturalist
(Greenwich, Conn.: Devin-Adair, 1955), p. xviii.

2.
T.R. to Frank M. Chapman (March 22, 1899), quoted in Frank M. Chapman,
Autobiography of a Bird Lover
(New York: Appleton-Century, 1933).

3. Frank M. Chapman, “Birds and Bonnets,”
Forest and Stream,
Vol. 26, No. 5 (February 25, 1886), p. 84. (Letter to the editor.)

4.
John T. Zimmer, “Frank Michler Chapman,”
American Naturalist,
Vol. 80, No. 793 (1945), p. 476.

5.
For an explanation of early ornithologists’ museum strategies see Nancy Pick and Mark Sloan,
The Rarest of the Rare: Stories Behind the Treasures at the Harvard Museum of Natural History
(New York: HarperCollins, 2004).

6.
Oliver H. Orr, Jr.,
Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the Founding of the Audubon Movement
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1992), p. 74.

7.
Williams R. Adams, “Florida Live Oak Farm of John Quincy Adams,”
Florida Historical Quarterly,
Vol. 51 (1972), pp. 129–147. Adams’s preserve is now called the Naval Live Oaks–Gulf Islands National Seashore.

8. John F. Reiger,
American Sportsmen and the Origins of Conservation
, 3rd ed. (Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2001), pp. 5–7.

9.
George Catlin,
North American Indians: Being Letters and Notes on their Manners, Customs, and Conditions, Written during Eight Years’ Travel Amongst the Wildest Tribes of Indians in North America, 1832–1839
(Philadelphia, Pa.: Leary, Stuart, 1913), pp. 294–295. Orig. published 1844.

10.
Kathryn Hall Proby,
Audubon in Florida
(Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1974), p. 51.

11.
Frank Graham, Jr.,
The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society
(New York: Knopf, 1990), p. 10.

12.
Henry David Thoreau, “Chesun-cook,”
Atlantic Monthly
, Vol. 2 (August 1858). Also see Thoreau,
The Maine Woods
(Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864), p. 160.

13.
Doug Stewart, “How Conservation Grew from a Whisper to a Roar,”
National Wildlife
(December–January 1999).

14.
“The Bisby Club’s Resort.”
New York Times
(June 8, 1890), p. 12. Also see, Ken Sprague, “History and Heritage Remembering 19th amd 20th Century Life,”
Adirondack Express
(July 25, 2006), p. 4.

15.
William T. Hornaday,
Our Vanishing Wild Life
(New York: New York Zoological Society, 1913), p. 248.

16.
Gifford Pinchot,
The Fight for Conservation
(New York: Doubleday, 1910), p. 48.

17.
T.R. to William Adolph Baillie-Grohman (June 12, 1900).

18.
John Burroughs,
Signs and Seasons
(Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 1886), p. 213.

19.
George Laycock,
Wild Refuge
(Garden City, N.Y.: American Museum of Natural History Press, 1969), pp. 12–20.

20.
Jonathan Weiner, “Darwin’s Delay,”
Slate
(May 3, 2007).

21.
John M. Blum, “Theodore Roosevelt: The Years of Decision,” in Elting E. Morrison (ed.),
The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt
, Vol. 2 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951), Vol. 4, p. 1486.

22.
Orr,
Saving American Birds
, p. 1.

23.
Hornaday,
Our Vanishing Wild Life
, p. 15.

24.
Erick Gill, “Pelican Island: 10 Years in the Making,”
Vero Beach Magazine
(February 2003), pp. 7–14.

25.
Thomas Gilbert Pearson,
Adventures in Bird Protection,
p. 52. Also see, Robin W. Doughty,
Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation: A Study in Nature Protection
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), p. 11.

26.
Doughty,
Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation,
pp. 10–11, 23. Also see Mary Van Kleeck,
A Seasoned Industry: A Study on the Millinery Trade in New York
(Philadelphia, Pa.: Russell Sage Foundation, 1917), pp. 10–23.

27.
Doughty,
Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation,
p. 3. Also see Stuart B. McIver,
Death in the Everglades: The Murder of Guy Bradley: America’s First Martyr of the Environment
(Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2007), p. 4.

28.
Doughty,
Feather Fashions and Bird Preservations,
p. 15.

29.
“Maxim’s New Machine Gun,”
New York Times
(December 5, 1884), p. 3. New weapons such as the LeFever semiautomatic hammerless shotgun (1883) and the Maxim machine gun (1884) began replacing the outdated Civil War Gatling gun. Relatively easy to carry, these guns occasionally made their way into the hunting scene. Most of the time, however, plume hunters used shotguns.

30.
Doughty,
Feather Fashions and Bird Preservation
, p. 12.

31.
Frank Graham, Jr.,
The Audubon Ark: A History of the National Audubon Society
(New York: Knopf, 1990), p. 18.

32.
Florida Audubon Society, “Who We Are: History of Audubon of Florida” (1999). Pamphlet.

33.
Orr,
Saving American Birds
, p. 74.

34.
“Audubon of Florida Timeline,” National Audubon Society (2009).

35.
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Yearbook 1902
(Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1903).

36.
“Society at Home and Abroad,”
New York Times
(October 20, 1901), p. 7. T.R. renamed the Executive Mansion the White House on October 12, 1901.

37.
William Allen White quoted in Hermann Hagedorn and Sidney Wallach,
A Theodore Roosevelt Round-Up
(New York: Theodore Roosevelt Association, 1958), pp. 159–160.

38.
“William Alford Richards: Cadastral Survey” (Cheyenne: Bureau of Land Management, Wyoming Archive).

39.
William Reffalt, “Prologue to Pelican Island” (February 2003). Unpublished, Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Archive, Vero Beach, Fla.

40.
There are numerous versions of the “I So Declare It” story all with slight variations, including Patricia O’Toole,
When Trumpets Call
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), pp. 32–33, Lewis L. Gould,
The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt
(Lawrence: The University of Kansas Press, 1991), p. 111, and William H. Harbaugh,
The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Collier Books, 1967), p. 315. I combined these with information gathered by Paul Tritaik of U.S. Fish and Wildlife from his Florida files.

41.
T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,”
American Museum Fournal,
Vol. 18 (May 1918), p. 321. See also Hermann Hagedorn (ed.),
The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Memorial Edition
(New York: Scribner, 1923), p. 443.

42.
Frank Chapman to T.R. ([n.d.] 1908). Chapman Papers, American Museum of Natural History, New York.

43.
Frank M. Chapman,
Camps and Cruises of an Ornithologist
(New York: Appleton, 1908), pp. 85–95.

44.
Paul Russell Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist
(New York: Harper, 1956), p. 144.

45.
Kathleen Dalton,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Strenuous Life
(New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 16.

46.
Reffalt, “Prologue to Pelican Island.”

47.
Pelican Island Federal Bird Reservation Declaration (March 14, 1903). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Archive, Vero Beach, Fla.

48.
Charles Alexander, “A Life with Birds,”
Birder’s World
(April 2003), p. 42. The figure changes annually.

49.
Sidney P. Johnston,
A History of Indian River County
(Vero Beach, Fla.: Indian River County Historical Society, 2000), p. 39.

50.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 436.

51.
“Passage Key and the American Wildlife Conservation Movement” [n.d.] (Crystal River, Fla.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services Archives).

52.
Bill McKibben (ed.),
American Earth:
Environmental Writing Since Thoreau
(New York: Library of America, 2008).

53.
T.R.,
A Book-Lover’s Holidays in the Open
(New York: Scribner, 1916), pp. 316–317.

54.
John L. Eliot, “Roosevelt Country: T.R.’s Wilderness Legacy,”
National Geographic,
Vol. 162, No. 3 (September 1982), pp. 340–362.

55.
Aida D. Donald,
Lion in the White House: A Life of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Basic Books, 2007), p. 193.

56.
“The President Helps Lay a Cornerstone,”
New York Times
, April 25, 1903, p. 1.

57.
“Conservation as National Duty,” President Theodore Roosevelt’s Opening Address in
Proceedings of a Conference of National Governors
(May 13, 1909).

58.
T.R.,
Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter
(New York: Scribner, 1905), p. 317.

1: T
HE
E
DUCATION OF A
D
ARWINIAN
N
ATURALIST

1.
Oliver H. Orr, Jr.,
Saving American Birds: T. Gilbert Pearson and the Founding of the Audubon Movement
(Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1992), p. 18.

2.
David McCullough,
Mornings on Horseback
(New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981), p. 114.

3.
Paul Russell Cutright,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Naturalist
(New York: Harper, 1956), p. xiii.

4.
T.R. to Edward Sanford Martin (November 26, 1900).

5.
T.R.,
African Game Trails
(New York: Scribner, 1910), p. xi.

6.
The Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson
, Vol. 1 (London: Macmillan, 1884), p. 6.

7.
Janet Browne,
Darwin’s Origin of Species
(New York: Grove, 2006), pp. 1–5.

8.
T.R., “The Pigskin Library” in
Literary Essays
, National Edition, Vol. 2, pp. 337–346. This originally appeared in
Outlook,
Vol. 94, Issue 18 (April 30, 1910).

9.
Edmund Morris,
The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt
(New York: Coward, McCann, 1979), p. 23.

10.
T.R. to James Joseph Walsh (February 23, 1909).

11.
Christian Fichthorne Reisner,
Roosevelt’s Religion
(New York: Abingdon, 1922), p. 32.

12.
Jacob A. Riis,
Theodore Roosevelt: The Citizen
(New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1904), pp. 7–8.

13.
Darwin,
The Descent of Man
(Akron, Ohio: Werner, 1874).

14.
T.R., “My Life as a Naturalist,”
American Museum Journal
, Vol. 18 (May 1918), p. 321.

15.
Richard W. Etulain,
Telling Western Stories: From Buffalo Bill to Larry McMurtry
(Albuquerque: The University of New Mexico Press, 1999), p. 5–30.

16.
Mayne Reid,
The Scalp Hunters; Or, Romantic Adventures in Northern Mexico
, Vol. I (London: Charles J. Skeet, 1851), p. 2.

17.
Mayne Reid,
The Land Pirates; or The League of Devil’s Island
(New York: Beadle’s Half-Dime Library, 1879), pp. 4–14.

18.
Mayne Reid,
The Boy Hunters, Or Adventures in Search of a White Buffalo
(London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1852), p. 17.

19.
Ibid., pp. 27–28.

20.
Ibid.

21.
Joan Steele,
Captain Mayne Reid
(Boston, Mass.: Twayne, 1978), pp. 104—106.

22.
T.R.,
The Rough Riders
(New York: Scribner, 1899), pp. 104–112.

23.
Reid,
The Boy Hunters,
p. 424.

24.
Mayne Reid,
The White Chief: A Legend of Northern Mexico
, Vol. 2 (London: David Bogue, Fleet Street, 1855), p. 145.

25.
Steele,
Captain Mayne Reid,
pp. 66–67.

26.
Edgar Allan Poe quoted in
The Hand-book of Texas
(Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1997–2002).

27.
Kathleen Dalton,
Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life
(New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 43.

28.
T.R.,
An Autobiography
(New York: Macmillan, 1913), p. 16. (In 1899 the
New York Times
ranked the fifteen greatest “Books for Boys” of the nineteenth century; in first place was Reid’s
Ran Away to Sea
of 1858—which dealt with the slave trade—followed by
The Swiss Family Robinson
.)