The World Was Going Our Way (95 page)
Read The World Was Going Our Way Online
Authors: Christopher Andrew
Tags: #Biographies & Memoirs, #True Accounts, #Espionage, #History, #Europe, #Ireland, #Military, #Intelligence & Espionage, #Modern (16th-21st Centuries), #20th Century, #Russia, #World
72
. Jakobovits,
‘If Only My People . . .’
, p. 43.
. Jakobovits,
‘If Only My People . . .’
, p. 43.
73
. k-25, 153.
. k-25, 153.
74
. Jakobovits,
‘If Only My People . . .’
, p. 54.
. Jakobovits,
‘If Only My People . . .’
, p. 54.
75
. Shevchenko,
Breaking with Moscow
, p. 348.
. Shevchenko,
Breaking with Moscow
, p. 348.
76
. Ro’i, ‘Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration’, pp. 52-3.
. Ro’i, ‘Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration’, pp. 52-3.
77
. Politburo minutes, 22 June 1978; Morozov (ed.),
Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration
, pp. 228-9.
. Politburo minutes, 22 June 1978; Morozov (ed.),
Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration
, pp. 228-9.
78
. Shcharansky,
Fear No Evil
, pp. 205-6, 224-5.
. Shcharansky,
Fear No Evil
, pp. 205-6, 224-5.
79
. Dobrynin,
In Confidence
, pp. 399-400. Shcharansky was freed and allowed to emigrate in 1986; see below, p. 244.
. Dobrynin,
In Confidence
, pp. 399-400. Shcharansky was freed and allowed to emigrate in 1986; see below, p. 244.
80
. Ro’i, ‘Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration’, p. 53.
. Ro’i, ‘Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration’, p. 53.
81
. Memorandum by Andropov, 10 May 1981; Morozov (ed.),
Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration
, pp. 238-9 (cf. pp. 236-8, 241-5).
. Memorandum by Andropov, 10 May 1981; Morozov (ed.),
Documents on Soviet Jewish Emigration
, pp. 238-9 (cf. pp. 236-8, 241-5).
82
. See below, pp. 131-2.
. See below, pp. 131-2.
83
. k-9, 112.
. k-9, 112.
84
. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.),
More Instructions from the Centre
, pp. 91-8.
. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.),
More Instructions from the Centre
, pp. 91-8.
85
. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.),
Instructions from the Centre
, p. 7.
. Andrew and Gordievsky (eds.),
Instructions from the Centre
, p. 7.
86
. Ibid., p. 19.
. Ibid., p. 19.
87
. Oleg Gordievsky heard Zamoysky put these views in an address to the London KGB residency in January 1985. Zamoysky’s conspiracy theories about the Freemasons, who, he claimed, ‘have always controlled the upper echelons of government in Western countries’, especially the United States (‘the most “Masonic” country of all’), were published in 1989 in his book,
Behind the Facade of the Masonic Temple
.
. Oleg Gordievsky heard Zamoysky put these views in an address to the London KGB residency in January 1985. Zamoysky’s conspiracy theories about the Freemasons, who, he claimed, ‘have always controlled the upper echelons of government in Western countries’, especially the United States (‘the most “Masonic” country of all’), were published in 1989 in his book,
Behind the Facade of the Masonic Temple
.
88
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 331-2.
. Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 331-2.
89
. Ro’i, ‘Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration’, pp. 62, 67 n. 56.
. Ro’i, ‘Soviet Policy towards Jewish Emigration’, pp. 62, 67 n. 56.
90
. Salitan, ‘Soviet Emigration Policy, 1968-89’, pp. 77-8, 85 n. 38.
. Salitan, ‘Soviet Emigration Policy, 1968-89’, pp. 77-8, 85 n. 38.
91
. Remnick,
Lenin’s Tomb
, p. 86.
. Remnick,
Lenin’s Tomb
, p. 86.
92
. Lewin-Epstein, Ro’i and Ritterbrand (eds.),
Russian Jews on Three Continents
, appendix, p. 451.
. Lewin-Epstein, Ro’i and Ritterbrand (eds.),
Russian Jews on Three Continents
, appendix, p. 451.
Middle Eastern Terrorism and the Palestinians
1
. See above, pp. 48, 53.
. See above, pp. 48, 53.
2
. Codename in k-24, 344.
. Codename in k-24, 344.
3
. Follain,
Jackal
, pp. 20-21.
. Follain,
Jackal
, pp. 20-21.
4
. Mitrokhin’s mixture of notes on and extracts from Haddad’s file (no. 90248) reveals that the KGB’s first contact with Haddad occurred in 1968 but does not identify the month; k-24, 365, para. 50.
. Mitrokhin’s mixture of notes on and extracts from Haddad’s file (no. 90248) reveals that the KGB’s first contact with Haddad occurred in 1968 but does not identify the month; k-24, 365, para. 50.
5
. k-24, 365, para. 51.
. k-24, 365, para. 51.
6
. Follain,
Jackal
, p. 22.
. Follain,
Jackal
, p. 22.
7
. k-24, 365, paras. 28-44; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 380-2.
. k-24, 365, paras. 28-44; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 380-2.
8
. k-24, 365, paras. 1-24; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 380-2.
. k-24, 365, paras. 1-24; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, pp. 380-2.
9
. vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610.
. vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610.
10
. k-24, 59; vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610. It has not proved possible to confirm the English spelling of Korda’s name, which appears in the FCD file in Cyrillic transliteration.
. k-24, 59; vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610. It has not proved possible to confirm the English spelling of Korda’s name, which appears in the FCD file in Cyrillic transliteration.
11
. vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610.
. vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610.
12
. Though the KGB accepted this arrangement, it had some reservations from the point of view of security about leaving the choice of the location for these meetings to Haddad; k-24, 365, para. 52.
. Though the KGB accepted this arrangement, it had some reservations from the point of view of security about leaving the choice of the location for these meetings to Haddad; k-24, 365, para. 52.
13
. k-24, 365, para. 50.
. k-24, 365, para. 50.
14
. Follain,
Jackal
, pp. 26-8; Dobson and Payne,
War without End
, p. 242.
. Follain,
Jackal
, pp. 26-8; Dobson and Payne,
War without End
, p. 242.
15
. Mortin to Andropov, no. 164/1430, 24 June 1971; k-24, 365, paras. 25, 45-8.
. Mortin to Andropov, no. 164/1430, 24 June 1971; k-24, 365, paras. 25, 45-8.
16
. Dobson and Payne,
War without End
, p. 160.
. Dobson and Payne,
War without End
, p. 160.
17
. PLO codename in k-24, 344.
. PLO codename in k-24, 344.
18
. k-24, 360. By 1980 Arafat’s codename had been changed to BESKOV; vol. 2, ch. 6, para. 47.
. k-24, 360. By 1980 Arafat’s codename had been changed to BESKOV; vol. 2, ch. 6, para. 47.
19
. Rubin and Rubin,
Yasir Arafat
, pp. 42-3. Arafat told a Western intelligence officer that he had first visited Moscow in the 1950s as part of a student delegation.
. Rubin and Rubin,
Yasir Arafat
, pp. 42-3. Arafat told a Western intelligence officer that he had first visited Moscow in the 1950s as part of a student delegation.
20
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 547-8.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 547-8.
21
. GIDAR had been recruited in Moscow in 1968 (possibly during Arafat’s visit, though this is not mentioned in Mitrokhin’s notes); k-24, 338, 341. Hart,
Arafat
(p. 4), refers to Hasan as ‘Arafat’s most trusted adviser’.
. GIDAR had been recruited in Moscow in 1968 (possibly during Arafat’s visit, though this is not mentioned in Mitrokhin’s notes); k-24, 338, 341. Hart,
Arafat
(p. 4), refers to Hasan as ‘Arafat’s most trusted adviser’.
22
. k-24, 360. During his first open visit to Moscow in 1970 Arafat was received not by representatives of the Soviet government or Communist Party but by a front organization, the Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee; Barron,
KGB
, p. 77.
. k-24, 360. During his first open visit to Moscow in 1970 Arafat was received not by representatives of the Soviet government or Communist Party but by a front organization, the Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee; Barron,
KGB
, p. 77.
23
. Rubin and Rubin,
Yasir Arafat
, ch. 1.
. Rubin and Rubin,
Yasir Arafat
, ch. 1.
24
. Pacepa,
Red Horizons
, chs. 1-2. Pacepa defected to the United States in 1978.
. Pacepa,
Red Horizons
, chs. 1-2. Pacepa defected to the United States in 1978.
25
. k-24, 361.
. k-24, 361.
26
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 547-8. See illustrations.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 547-8. See illustrations.
27
. Golan,
Soviet Policies in the Middle East
, p. 112.
. Golan,
Soviet Policies in the Middle East
, p. 112.
28
. Andropov to Brezhnev, no. 1071, A/OV, 23 April 1975. Manuscript notes on the document record that five other members of the Politburo (Suslov, Podgorny, Kosygin, Grechko and Gromyko) had also been informed, and that approval had been given on 26 April. We are grateful to Vladimir Bukovsky for supplying us with a photocopy of this top-secret communication from his personal collection of KGB documents found in the Kremlin archives.
. Andropov to Brezhnev, no. 1071, A/OV, 23 April 1975. Manuscript notes on the document record that five other members of the Politburo (Suslov, Podgorny, Kosygin, Grechko and Gromyko) had also been informed, and that approval had been given on 26 April. We are grateful to Vladimir Bukovsky for supplying us with a photocopy of this top-secret communication from his personal collection of KGB documents found in the Kremlin archives.
29
. k-24, 365, paras 54-7. KGB operations in the 1970s to liquidate defectors, whether directly or through the use of proxies, appear to have achieved nothing of significance. The Centre was unwilling either to abandon its traditional policy of executing ‘traitors’ who had fled abroad or to take the risks necessary to ensure their execution; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, ch. 23.
. k-24, 365, paras 54-7. KGB operations in the 1970s to liquidate defectors, whether directly or through the use of proxies, appear to have achieved nothing of significance. The Centre was unwilling either to abandon its traditional policy of executing ‘traitors’ who had fled abroad or to take the risks necessary to ensure their execution; Andrew and Mitrokhin,
The Sword and the Shield
, ch. 23.
30
. k-24, 365, paras. 57-8. Andropov to Brezhnev, no. 1218, A/OV, 16 May 1975. (We are grateful to Vladimir Bukovsky for supplying us with a photocopy of this top-secret communication from his personal collection of KGB documents found in the Kremlin archives. Mitrokhin noted only a summary of the copy in the FCD archives.)
. k-24, 365, paras. 57-8. Andropov to Brezhnev, no. 1218, A/OV, 16 May 1975. (We are grateful to Vladimir Bukovsky for supplying us with a photocopy of this top-secret communication from his personal collection of KGB documents found in the Kremlin archives. Mitrokhin noted only a summary of the copy in the FCD archives.)
31
. k-24, 365, para. 60.
. k-24, 365, para. 60.
32
. k-14, 141.
. k-14, 141.
33
. Ibid.; k-24, 351.
. Ibid.; k-24, 351.
34
. k-24, 346.
. k-24, 346.
35
. Mitrokhin noted a further reference to ‘co-operation’ with the DFLP and PFLP-GC in 1977; k-19, 313. His notes contain no reference to later contacts with Hawatmeh and Jibril.
. Mitrokhin noted a further reference to ‘co-operation’ with the DFLP and PFLP-GC in 1977; k-19, 313. His notes contain no reference to later contacts with Hawatmeh and Jibril.
36
. Mitrokhin’s notes record that the KGB was informed of Haddad’s plans for ‘a petroleum war’, but give no further details; k-24, 365, para. 61.
. Mitrokhin’s notes record that the KGB was informed of Haddad’s plans for ‘a petroleum war’, but give no further details; k-24, 365, para. 61.
37
. Follain,
Jackal
, ch. 1.
. Follain,
Jackal
, ch. 1.
38
. Had Carlos ever been either an agent or confidential contact, this fact would doubtless have been recorded, following Mitrokhin’s normal practice, when Mitrokhin noted his file. The only details noted by Mitrokhin relating to Carlos’s period at the Lumumba University were his affair with a Cuban student, Sonia Marine Oriola (by whom, though Mitrokhin’s brief notes do not mention this, he had a daughter), and his involvement in a 1969 Moscow demonstration which broke windows at the Iranian embassy; k-3, 67, 133.
. Had Carlos ever been either an agent or confidential contact, this fact would doubtless have been recorded, following Mitrokhin’s normal practice, when Mitrokhin noted his file. The only details noted by Mitrokhin relating to Carlos’s period at the Lumumba University were his affair with a Cuban student, Sonia Marine Oriola (by whom, though Mitrokhin’s brief notes do not mention this, he had a daughter), and his involvement in a 1969 Moscow demonstration which broke windows at the Iranian embassy; k-3, 67, 133.
39
. Follain,
Jackal
, chs. 1-4; quotation from p. 9.
. Follain,
Jackal
, chs. 1-4; quotation from p. 9.
40
. Ibid., chs. 5, 6.
. Ibid., chs. 5, 6.
41
. The course syllabus covered intelligence, counter-intelligence, US intelligence agencies, interrogation, operational equipment, surveillance, organization and conduct of guerrilla warfare, leadership protection, mines, sabotage, military training, Marxism-Leninism, transmission, storage and destruction of secret documents, use of containers, and photography; k-26, 202. Though not mentioned in Mitrokhin’s notes, similar courses were probably arranged in subsequent years.
. The course syllabus covered intelligence, counter-intelligence, US intelligence agencies, interrogation, operational equipment, surveillance, organization and conduct of guerrilla warfare, leadership protection, mines, sabotage, military training, Marxism-Leninism, transmission, storage and destruction of secret documents, use of containers, and photography; k-26, 202. Though not mentioned in Mitrokhin’s notes, similar courses were probably arranged in subsequent years.
42
. k-24, 365, paras. 61-3.
. k-24, 365, paras. 61-3.
43
. k-8, 617.
. k-8, 617.
44
. k-24, 365, para. 64.
. k-24, 365, para. 64.
45
. k-8, 617.
. k-8, 617.
46
. vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610. On KGB collaboration with Yunis, see above, p. 248.
. vol. 6, app. 1, p. 610. On KGB collaboration with Yunis, see above, p. 248.
47
. k-24, 365, para. 65. After Haddad’s death, his terrorist group fragmented. His former chief lieutenant, Salim Abu Salem (aka Abu Muhammad) founded a breakaway PFLP-Special Command (not to be confused with Jibril’s PFLP-General Command), which over the next few years specialized in attacks on Jewish targets, among them in 1980 a Paris synagogue and the Jewish-owned Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi (Dobson and Payne,
War without End
, pp. 160-61).
. k-24, 365, para. 65. After Haddad’s death, his terrorist group fragmented. His former chief lieutenant, Salim Abu Salem (aka Abu Muhammad) founded a breakaway PFLP-Special Command (not to be confused with Jibril’s PFLP-General Command), which over the next few years specialized in attacks on Jewish targets, among them in 1980 a Paris synagogue and the Jewish-owned Norfolk Hotel in Nairobi (Dobson and Payne,
War without End
, pp. 160-61).
48
. k-3, 67.
. k-3, 67.
49
. Follain,
Jackal
, pp. 117, 186-9. Carlos was eventually expelled from Syria in 1991. After a trial in France in 1997, he was sentenced to life imprisonment.
. Follain,
Jackal
, pp. 117, 186-9. Carlos was eventually expelled from Syria in 1991. After a trial in France in 1997, he was sentenced to life imprisonment.
50
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 553-4. Qaddafi had earlier provoked the ire of the Centre after publicly endorsing Sadat’s expulsion of Soviet advisers and condemning the Soviet-Iraqi Friendship Treaty in 1972. On that occasion the FCD implemented active measures against him; k-2, 298. Mitrokhin noted few files on Libyan matters. The only KGB agent inside the Libyan intelligence community identified in his notes was SERY, who broke contact in 1972; k-14, 434.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, pp. 553-4. Qaddafi had earlier provoked the ire of the Centre after publicly endorsing Sadat’s expulsion of Soviet advisers and condemning the Soviet-Iraqi Friendship Treaty in 1972. On that occasion the FCD implemented active measures against him; k-2, 298. Mitrokhin noted few files on Libyan matters. The only KGB agent inside the Libyan intelligence community identified in his notes was SERY, who broke contact in 1972; k-14, 434.
51
. k-24, 356. Mitrokhin’s notes record that Abu Iyad provided intelligence on Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Algeria, but give no details. Markus Wolf acknowledges that he was initially impressed when Abu Iyad ‘boasted of his contacts at the heart of the US government, NATO, and the arms trade’, but was subsequently generally disappointed by the quality of the intelligence which he provided; Wolf,
Man without a Face
, p. 270.
. k-24, 356. Mitrokhin’s notes record that Abu Iyad provided intelligence on Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Algeria, but give no details. Markus Wolf acknowledges that he was initially impressed when Abu Iyad ‘boasted of his contacts at the heart of the US government, NATO, and the arms trade’, but was subsequently generally disappointed by the quality of the intelligence which he provided; Wolf,
Man without a Face
, p. 270.
52
. k-14, 143.
. k-14, 143.
53
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 550.
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, p. 550.
54
. The 1981 report was one of a number captured by the Israelis; Adams,
The Financing of Terror
, pp. 48-9.
. The 1981 report was one of a number captured by the Israelis; Adams,
The Financing of Terror
, pp. 48-9.
55
. k-3, 68.
. k-3, 68.
56
. Golan,
Soviet Policies in the Middle East
, p. 130.
. Golan,
Soviet Policies in the Middle East
, p. 130.
57
. Wolf,
Man without a Face
, p. 271.
. Wolf,
Man without a Face
, p. 271.
58
. Shlaim,
The Iron Wall
, ch. 10.
. Shlaim,
The Iron Wall
, ch. 10.
59
. Ganor, ‘Syria and Terrorism’; Shlaim,
The Iron Wall
, p. 403. Mitrokhin did not see Abu Nidal’s file.
. Ganor, ‘Syria and Terrorism’; Shlaim,
The Iron Wall
, p. 403. Mitrokhin did not see Abu Nidal’s file.
60
. Rubin,
Transformation of Palestinian Politics
, pp. 4-5.
. Rubin,
Transformation of Palestinian Politics
, pp. 4-5.
61
. Chernyaev,
My Six Years with Gorbachev
, p. 147; Vassiliev,
Russian Policy in the Middle East
, pp. 318-19.
. Chernyaev,
My Six Years with Gorbachev
, p. 147; Vassiliev,
Russian Policy in the Middle East
, pp. 318-19.
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