A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower (107 page)

52
Useful books on soccer in Japan include Horne and Manzenreiter 02 and Birchall 00, and see also Watts 98 (a book chapter) and McCabe 03 (a thesis).

53
For further details on
manga
and
animé
, see for example Schodt 1983, and for a more recent work, MacWilliams 08.

54
As a matter of possible interest, Mario is named after the real-life Mario Segale, the owner of the building in which Nintendo America was based.

55
See Seagrave 99, caption to photograph of Hirohito signing Mickey’s guest-book, opposite p331.

56
See for example ‘Takashi Murakami’ in Designsigh 23 February 2009, available at
www.designsigh.com/2009/02/takashi-murakami/
. See also Starrs 11, Part IV.

57
These are not necessarily the earlier-discussed
hikikomori
, though some are. The term
otaku
is unfortunately often applied broadly and rather indiscriminately, to a range of ‘withdrawn’ persons including those on the one hand who have very serious psychological problems and really need treatment, to those on the other hand who are simply socially awkward, often characterised by mild neuro-atypicality such as Asperger’s Syndrome and who present no threat either to themselves or to anyone else. In fact, many of the developments in computers and computer games are attributable to those with Asperger’s Syndrome.

58
See ‘Tokyo Knifeman Tomohiro Kato Recorded Murder Blog before Rampage’, in the (London)
Times
, 10 June 2008.

59
See ‘Thousands of Japanese Centenarians may have Died Decades Ago’, the
Guardian
, 10 Sept 2010, at
www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/10/japanese-centenarians-records
.

60
The
Press
, Christchurch, 19 February 2011.

61
See
www.li.com
.

62
See
http://hdr.undp.org/en
.

63
See
http://transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi
.

64
See
www1.internationalliving.com/qofl/2010/
.

65
See
www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf
.

66
Data from
Statistical Handbook of Japan 2010
.

67
Data from
Statistical Handbook of Japan 2010
.

68
Comparative data for China are a little awkward because in 2000 Hong Kong was returned to China, and since that date it is not clear how many are still living in Hong Kong. Thus, in order to match like with like, the figure for China in 1990 (22,000) includes both China (8,000) and Hong Kong (14,000).

69
The situation in Brazil is a little unusual, owing to substantial emigration from Japan to Brazil in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. It would seem that many ethnic Japanese Brazilians descended from these pioneers had dual nationality, and caused a significant drop in the statistics when, effectively invited by the Japanese government, they reversed the former migratory direction and emigrated to Japan during the Bubble years and beyond.

R
EFERENCES

Abbreviations

CEJ:		Cambridge Encyclopedia of Japan, 1993, Cambridge University Press.
CHJ:		Cambridge History of Japan, 1989 on, 6 vols, Cambridge University Press.
JJS:		Journal of Japanese Studies
JQ:		Japan Quarterly
KEJ:		K dansha Encyclopedia of Japan, 1983, 8 vols, K dansha, T ky .
MN:		Monumenta Nipponica
NZJEAS:		New Zealand Journal of East Asian Studies

Works Cited

Adolphson, M., 2000,
The Gates of Power: Monks, Courtiers, and Warriors in Premodern Japan
, University of Hawaii Press.

Aikens, C. and Higuchi, T., 1982,
Prehistory of Japan
, Academic Press, New York and London.

Akazawa, T., and Aikens, C. (eds), 1986,
Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers in Japan: New Research Methods
, University of T
ky
Press.

Allen, M., 1994,
Undermining the Japanese Miracle: Work and Conflict in a Coalmining Community
, Cambridge University Press.

Alperovitz, G., 1965/85
, Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam: The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power
, Penguin, Harmondsworth.

Amino, Y., 1992, ‘Deconstructing Japan’ (tr. McCormack, G.),
East Asian History
no. 3, Australian National University, Canberra, pp121–42.

Aoki, T., 1994, ‘Anthropology and Japan: Attempts at Writing Culture’,
Japan Foundation Newsletter
, XXII/3, pp1–6.

Asahi Shimbun Japan Almanac
, annually, Asahi Shimbun Company, T
ky
.

Aston, W., 1896/1972,
Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to AD 697
(translation of
Nihongi
), Tuttle, T
ky
(1972 version).