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active self, 7–8

advertising, 43

agentic traits, 4, 58, 61

Alexander, Gerianne, 124, 128, 204–5

Ambady, Nalini, 9–10, 95–96

androgen, 101

prenatal, 121–22, 269

see also
testosterone

androgen-receptor blockers, 127, 269

anger, 58–59

Anglo Americans, maths performance and, 31, 180–81

Annis, Barbara, 156–57

aphasia, 137

Armenia, Republic of, 93–94

Aronson, Joshua, 28

Asgari, Shaki, 6

Asian Americans, maths performance and, 181

associative memory, 4–5

Astell, Mary, xix–xx

Athena Factor report, 51–52, 69, 73

autism:

foetal testosterone linked to, 106, 261–62, 265

Autism Spectrum Quotient Child, 265

baby names, 195–96

Banaji, Mahzarin, xxvi, 4

Bandura, Albert, 206

Barbie Magazine
, 220

Baret, Jeanne, 54

Barnett, Rosalind, xxviii, 105

Baron-Cohen, Simon, xix–xx, 15, 17, 100, 106, 108, 109, 110, 112–13, 117, 120, 129, 139, 144, 168, 248–49, 261–62, 265, 266, 267

Barres, Ben, 54, 55

Baruch, Simon, 233–34

Beard, Mary, 40

belonging, sense of, 40–53

colleagues’ behaviour and, 51–52

environmental cues for, 44–48

stereotype threat and, 42–44

Bem, Daryl, 214–16, 225

Bem, Emily, 214–15, 283–84

Bem, Jeremy, 214–15, 283–84

Bem, Sandra, 214–16, 225, 283–84

Bergen Dichotic Listening Database, 271

Biernat, Monica, 56

Bigler, Rebecca, 230–31

Bird, Chris, 151–52

birth announcements, 194–95

Bishop, Katherine, 138

Blair, Sampson Lee, 80

Bleier, Ruth, 106, 136, 177–78, 261, 268, 271–72, 273

Blum, Lenore, 47–48

body language, attitudes expressed in, 200–201

Boston Globe
, xxviii, 152–53

Bradley, Karen, 94–95

brain:

amygdala in, 149, 163, 276–77

anterior cingulate in, 152

association cortices in, 103

attribution of innateness to sex differences in, 170–71, 174–75

cerebral cortex in, 156, 163, 164, 276–77

communication centres in, 99

as coproduced by biology and environment, 177–78, 236

difficulty in inferring mind from, 140, 142, 175

distributed neural networks in, 143–44

environmental influences on, 176–78

evolutionary psychology and, 176

frontal lobes in, 146

gender differences as hardwired in, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, xxiv, 9, 13, 18–19, 50–51, 91, 107–9, 111, 116, 139, 144, 155–56, 158–61, 178–80, 185–86, 191, 275

gene expression and, 176–77, 236

hippocampus in, 164

inferior parietal lobe (IPL) in, 155–56

lack of knowledge about, xxvii–xxviii, 150, 169

limbic system in, 156

neuroconstructivist view of, 177

organisational-activational hypothesis of, 101–6

parietal lobes in, 146

plasticity of, 176–77, 236, 246

see also
female brain; male brain

Brain Gender
(Hines), 40

brain imaging:

control vs. experimental tasks in, 134–35

file-drawer phenomenon and, 134, 137

limitations of insights into psychological function from, 142–54, 157, 166, 169

real vs. spurious results in, 133–35, 137–38, 150, 175–76

reverse inference in, 151–53, 155

sample size in, 137, 138, 150

sex differences as observed in, xxii, 137–39, 143, 145–45, 148, 160–61, 163–64, 272, 273, 274–75, 276–78, 279

see also
fMRI; MRI; PET

Brain Sex
(Moir and Jessel), xxi–xxii

brain size:

IQ and, xxiv–xxv, 132, 141

in women vs. men, xxiv, 132, 141, 143, 274–75, 278–79

Brescoll, Victoria, 58–59

Brizendine, Louann, xv–xvi, xxii, 14, 19, 99–100, 104, 157–62, 167, 191

Broca, Paul, xxiv

Brown, Lyn, 220–21, 222

Bruer, John, 166

Buracas, Giedrius, 152

Burton, Frances, 123, 124, 126–27, 128

Bussey, Kay, 206

Cabot, Richard, 233–34

Cadinu, Mara, 32

CAH,
see
congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Caldecott Medal books, 220–21, 222–23, 285

Cameron, Deborah, 63–64, 271

care, ethic of, 24–25

career decisions:

gender stereotypes and, 48–49

implicit associations and, 83–84

Carnegie-Mellon University, 46–48

Carr-Gregg, Michael, 208

Castelli, Luigi, 199–201

Castle, Cora, xxiv

causation, correlation vs., 145, 273

CBS News
, 169

Ceci, Stephen, 254

Center for Work-Life Policy, 51

cephalic index, 132

Charles, Maria, 94–95

Cheryan, Sapna, 45–46

children:

assimilation of racial attitudes by, 199–201

in-group bias in, 228

see also
newborns; parenting

children, assimilation of gender identity by, xx, 207–13, 214–25, 238–39, 283

‘biology as fallback’ explanations for, xx, 189–91, 203, 216, 226

gender-coded clothing and, 207–11, 215

media and, 214–15, 218–23, 285

metaphorical cues and, 224

peer feedback and, 218

self-socialising and, 128, 226–32

tomboyism and, 268

toy and play choice and, 110–11, 198, 202–3, 205–6, 218, 229–31, 268, 282

children’s books and media, gender stereotypes in, 214–15, 218–23, 285

Civil Rights Act (1964), 41

Clarke, Edward, 166

Clinton, Hillary, 58

clothing, gender-coded, 207–11, 215, 226–27, 238–39

cognitive performance, testosterone and, 37–38, 129

communal traits, 3, 61

competition, testosterone and, 252

computer science:

Armenian women in, 93–94

geek stereotype of, 44–48

women’s contributions to, 45

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 119–23, 137

gender identity and, 267–68

language lateralisation and, 137

mental rotation and, 121

systemising vs. empathy in, 120–21

and toy and play choice, 121–22, 130, 231

Connellan, Jennifer, 112–15, 129, 130, 266, 267

contrast sensitivity test, 49–50

Conundrum
(Morris), 3

corpus callosum, 136, 138, 143, 149, 156–57, 271, 272, 274

correlation, causation vs., 145, 273

Correll, Shelley, 4, 48–50, 57, 96, 246–47

Critical Neuroscience project, 281

CV(C) task, 271

Dana, Charles L., 131–32, 154, 234

Dar-Nimrod, Ilan, 173

Dasgupta, Nilanjana, 6

David, Barbara, 217, 224–25

Davies, Bronwyn, 11, 238

Davies, Paul, 43

Davis, Mark, 17

Deary, Ian, 179–80

Demos, John, 88

Deutsch, Francine, 85, 87

De Vries, Geert, 104, 142, 165

dichotic listening, 137, 271

Diekman, Amanda, 221

digit ratio, 108, 263

Disney Princess
, 220

dominance, as male trait, 120

Dora the Explorer, 221–22

Dowd, Maureen, 58

Dux, Monica, 226

Dweck, Carol, 184–85

Eagly, Alice, 22

education, gender inequalities in, xxii–xxiv, 40–41, 132, 168–69

as perpetuated by neurosexism, xxviii, 162–67

single-sex schools and, xvii, 162–65, 168–69

Einstein, Albert, 109

Eisenberg, Nancy, 16

Ellis, Havelock, 146–47

emotion processing, in male vs. female brain, 99, 147–51, 156, 163, 276–77

empathic accuracy test, 19–21, 267

empathy:

affective, 15, 16, 23–25, 261–62

and attention to detail, 265

in CAH girls, 120–21

cognitive, 15, 16, 22, 261

as female trait, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, 13, 18–19, 22–26, 91, 107–9, 112–16, 139, 158–61

foetal testosterone and, 107–9

gender salience and, 20–26, 248–49

Empathy Quotient (EQ), 15–16, 17–18, 108, 248–49, 264

Enquiry into the Duties of the Female Sex, An
(Gisborne), xviii

entrepreneurship, 43–44

environment, sociocultural:

brain as modified by, 176–78

CAH girls and, 122–23

gender inequalities as perpetuated by,

xxvi–xxvii, xxviii–xxix, 235–37

gender salience and, xxvi, 7, 8–10, 18, 22, 24–25, 28, 227, 232, 235–36, 238–39, 283

gender stereotypes and, 6–7, 28, 29, 39, 84–85, 95–96, 235–37

maths ability as influenced by, 182–84

mind as influenced by, xxvi, 52–53, 92, 105

moral reasoning and, 24–25

in primate societies, 126–27

self-assessment as influenced by, 52–53

sense of belonging as cued by, 44–48

Essential Difference, The
(Baron-Cohen), xix, 15

essentialist theory, 185–86, 224

see also
brain, gender differences as hardwired in

Everyday Mind Reading
(Ickes), 17, 20

evolutionary psychology, 176, 250

experimenter expectancy effects, 114–15

facial expression processing, gender differences in, 18, 23, 116, 159, 266–67

Fagot, Beverly, 224

Fara, Patricia, 54

fathers:

in early America, 88

hormonal changes in, 87

Fausto-Sterling, Anne, xxvii–xxviii, 138, 142, 150, 236

Fawcett Society, 71, 72

female brain, xxvii

corpus callosum in, 136, 138, 143, 149, 156–57, 271, 272, 274

emotion processing in, 99, 147–51, 156

empathy as innate characteristic of, xv–xvi, xviii–xix, 13, 18–19, 91, 107–9, 112–16, 139, 158–61

as E-type, 106

face-interest studies and, 112–16, 129

facial expression processing by, 116, 266–67

foetal testosterone and, 99–106, 107–11, 117

gender inequalities as determined by, xvii–xv, xix, xxi–xxii, xxiv, 91, 95

interhemispheric (floodlight) connectivity in, 139, 144

intuition in, 157

lateralisation in, 136–40, 145, 271, 272, 277

as overloaded by work-family conflicts, 86

sensory processing in, 156

splenium in, 136, 138

as taking in more sensory data than male brain, 81–82

verbal abilities as more developed in, 99, 136, 138, 139

see also
gender stereotypes; neurosexism

Female Brain, The
(Brizendine), xv–xvi, 14, 157–62

claims about female brain, 86, 99–100, 158–61, 259

‘fetal fork’, 99–106

foetuses, sexual development of, 100–101

fictitious job applicant studies, 55–57, 59–62

Fielding, Kerin, 70, 118

file-drawer phenomenon, 134

Fiske, Susan, 67

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 134, 270–71

nuisance variables in, 135

forensic science, 118–19

Frieze, Carol, 47–48

Friston, Karl, 152

Galinsky, Adam, 11–12

Garner, Helen, 10

Gates, Bill, 45

Geena Davis Institute, 223

gender deviance neutralisation, 82–83

gender identity, children’s assimilation of,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity by

gender inequalities:

as biologically determined,
see
brain, gender differences as hardwired in

in education,
see
education, gender inequalities in

essentialist theory as justification for, 185–86

in homelife,
see
homelife

horizontal segregation and, 91, 93

as perpetuated by sociocultural environment, xxvi–xxvii, xxviii–xxix, 235–37

in science and maths ability, 27, 29, 90–91, 95, 110, 129–30, 179–84, 190, 250, 277–78

vertical segregation and, 91, 92

in workplace,
see
workplace, women in

see also
female brain; male brain; neurosexism; sexual discrimination

gender salience:

in children,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity in

empathy and, 20–26, 248–49

as motivating factor, 20–21, 22, 29

as primed by environment, xxvi, 7, 8–10, 18, 22, 24–25, 28, 227, 232, 235–36, 238–39, 283

stereotype threat and, xxvi, 44, 236

gender stereotypes:

in advertising, 43

agentic traits in, 4, 58, 61

anger in, 58–59

brain size and, xxiv, 132, 141

career decisions and, 48–49

in children,
see
children, assimilation of gender identity by

in children’s books and media, 214–15, 218–23, 285

communal traits in, 3

as descriptive, 56

entrepreneurship and, 43–44

Greater Male Variability hypothesis and, 178–80, 185, 280

as implicit associations, 4–7, 35–36, 39, 83–84, 194, 199, 201, 235, 238

job applicants and, 55–58, 59–92

in language, 211

in 19th and early 20th centuries, 58, 67, 68, 75–76, 131–32, 141–42, 166, 178–79, 233–34

parenting and, 79, 84–85, 87, 189–96, 198–99, 202–4

as prescriptive, 56, 57–58

as reinforced by gender priming, 9–10, 18

as reinforced by rewards, 91–93

self-assessment as affected by, 48–50

and sense of not belonging, 40–53

in 17th and 18th centuries, xviii, xix–xx, xxiii, xxiv, 26

sociocultural environment and, 6–7, 28, 29, 39, 84–85, 95–96, 235–37

as statements about status, 38

ubiquity of, 8–9, 25

verbal abilities in, 34

see also
female brain; male brain; sexual discrimination; stereotype threat

gene expression, 176–77, 236

Gene Worship
(Kaplan and Rogers), 236

genital virilisation, 120

Germain, Sophie, 54

Geschwind, Norman, 105–6, 135–36

Gharibyan, Hasmik, 94

Giedd, Jay, 143–44

Gilligan, Carol, 24

Girls’ School Association, 165

Gisborne, Thomas, xviii, xix, xxiii, 26

Gladwell, Malcolm, 34–35