Delusions of Gender (52 page)

Scottish Qualifications Authority, 8

‘second shift’, 80

securities industry, sexual discrimination in, 68–69, 73

Sedgwick, William T., 67, 68, 75

Sekaquaptewa, Denise, 35–36

self-assessment:

gender differences in, 48–50

as influenced by environment, 52–53

role models and, 252

self-concept, 7–8

social identity and, 10–13, 26, 231–32, 247–48

self-reporting bias, 16–17, 120

Selmi, Michael, 68–69, 72–73, 76, 83

Seuss, Dr., 222

Sex in Education
(Clarke), 166

Sexing the Body
(Fausto-Sterling), 138

sexual discrimination:

benevolent vs. hostile, 67–68

intentional, 67–77, 92

as justified by essentialist theory, 185–86

seen as no longer prevalent, 41, 186

shifting criteria and, 60–62

unconscious, 54–66, 92

sexual harassment, 72–77

as downplayed by victims, 73–75

Sexual Paradox, The
(Pinker), xxi, 41, 90

SHBG (sex hormone binding globulin), 262, 268–69

Shields, Stephanie, 178

Silverberg, Alice, xxvii, 62

Sinclair, Stacey, 10

Singer, Tania, 159–61

Smith, Joan, xxiii

Smith, Kara, 193

social context,
see
environment, sociocultural

social identity, 8, 24

salience of, 29, 107

self-concept and, 10–13, 26, 107, 231–32, 247–48

of women, 19, 26

see also
gender salience; group membership salience

social norms,
see
environment, sociocultural

Sommer, Iris, 137–38

Sommers, Christina Hoff, 118

songbirds, effect of male hormones in, 101–2, 259

Spelke, Elizabeth, 46, 116

Spencer, Steven, 31

Stanford University, 50–51

Stapel, Diederik, 23

status quo, gender hardwiring as justification for, 91, 185–86

status-seeking, testosterone and, 36–38

Steele, Claude, 42

Steele, Jennifer, 9–10, 95–96

Steinem, Gloria, 89

stereotype threat, 251

advertising as cues for, 43

cues for, 31–32, 172–73, 251

emotional investment and, 35–36, 42

gender salience and, xxvi, 44, 236

maths ability and, 30–31, 32–33, 35–36, 42–43, 50–51, 173, 184, 252

as reinforced by belief in innateness of ability, 184–85

role models as counter to, 36, 252

and sense of belonging, 42–44

working memory and, 33, 35, 42, 252

Stevens, Kathy, 170

Stone, Pamela, 86–87

Stringfellow, Peter, 71

Stringfellows, 71–72

strip clubs, out-of-office socialising at, 70, 71–72

Study of Mathematically Precocious Youth (SMPY), 181

Subjection of Women, The
(Mill), xiii

Summers, Lawrence, 129–30, 168, 184, 190, 191

Sympathy and Science
(Morantz-Sanchez), 29, 78

systemising:

and attention to detail, 265

foetal testosterone and, 107, 109, 111, 116, 129, 261–62

in girls with CAH, 120–21

as male trait, xv, xviii, xix, xxiv, 9, 50–51, 91, 107, 111, 116, 139, 144, 155–56

and women in science, 118–19

by young boys, 116

Systemising Quotient (SQ), 15, 18, 110

Tajfel, Henri, 227

Tavris, Carol, 261

temporal cortex, 152

testes, 100–101

testosterone, xv, 268–69

amniotic, 108, 110–11, 122, 262–63, 264, 265–66

cognitive performance and, 37–38

competition and, 252

maternal, 108, 122, 262

in new parents, 87

in rats, 104–5, 260, 262

status-seeking and, 36–38

and unequal division of domestic chores, 81

testosterone, foetal, 262–63

autism linked to, 106, 261–62

in brain development, xv, xxi–xxii, 99–106, 107–11, 117, 261

and children’s toy and play choices, 110–11, 121–22

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) and, 13, 119–23, 231

empathy and, 107–9

flimsiness of evidence on effects of, 117, 261

left brain underdevelopment and, 105–6, 136

maths ability linked to, 100, 129

penis and, 106

in primates, 103, 123, 125–26, 127–28

systemising and, 107, 109, 111, 116, 129, 261–62

Thailand, maths ability in, 181

Thatcher, Margaret, xxviii

Theory of Mind, 152, 266–67

Thorndike, Edward, xxiii, 178–79

Tichenor, Veronica, 82

tomboyism, 268

transsexuals, colleagues’ perceptions of, 3, 54–55

Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS; 2003), 39

Tuck, Vicky, 165, 166

Turner, John, 247–48

Turner-Bowker, Diane, 220

Uhlmann, Eric, 58–59

Ulrich, Mabel, 78, 79, 83, 84, 85–86, 89

United Kingdom, maths ability in, 181

Vancouver Sun
, 129–30

vasopressin, 142

verbal abilities:

female brain and, 139

gender stereotyping of, 34

male brain and, 136

vertical segregation, of sexes, 91, 92

vervet monkeys, 124, 125

veterinary medicine, 118

visuospatial skills:

gender differences in, 27, 51, 136, 138–40, 145, 249–50, 261, 273

identity priming and, 28–29, 32

lateralisation and, 138–39, 145, 271, 273

Wahlsten, Douglas, 138

Wallentin, Mikkel, 138, 271

Walton, Gregory, 31

Weil, Elizabeth, 163

Weisberg, Deena Skolnick, 154, 171–72, 173, 174

Weitzman, Lenore, 222

Weitzman, Nancy, 201–2

Wexler, Bruce, 177

What Could He Be Thinking?
(Gurian), xvi–xvii, 81–82, 156

Whitman, Walt, 7

Why Aren’t More Women in Science?
(Ceci, ed.), 112–13, 144, 146

Why Gender Matters
(Sax), xvii, 112

Why Mars and Venus Collide
(Gray), 140, 155–56

Why Men Don’t Listen and Women Can’t Read Maps
(Pease and Pease), 140, 147–48

Williams, Christine, 64–65

Witelson, Sandra, 148–51, 274

womanly intuition,
see
empathy

Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, 75

women, in male-dominated fields, 27–39, 118–19

as endowed with male minds, xix–xx, 40

as intrinsically unsuited, 90–91, 233–34

as needing to outperform men, 29–30, 65

as role models, 36, 252

and sense of not belonging, 40–53

see also
stereotype threat

women’s suffrage, 84, 131–32, 234

working memory, stereotype threat and, 33, 35, 42, 252

workplace, women in:

backlash against agentic traits in, 61

and competent/cold vs. incompetent/warm dichotomy, 62–63

as excluded from out-of-office socialising, 70–72

gender inequalities and, xxi, 41, 91, 92–95, 186

gender pay gap and, 65–66, 85, 257

motherhood penalty and, 57, 59, 84–85, 92

overt sexism towards, 67–77

and sense of not belonging, 51–52

in SET jobs, 50–52, 69, 73, 118–19, 254

sexual harassment of, 72–77

status-seeking of, 59–60

unconscious sexism towards, 54–66

Zosuls, Kristina, 229–30