Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy (63 page)

48
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 93, 94, 107–10, 147.

49
. Ibid., 175.

50
. D. S. Sheremetev,
Iz vospominanii
; Nicholas II,
Complete
; Fedorchenko,
Svita
, 2:421; ABM.

51
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 194; Rogger,
Russia
, 264–65; Fuller,
Foe
; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 206;
SVS
, 201–202, 217.

52
. Krasko,
Tri veka
, 350–51; “V ianvare i fevrale 1917 g.,” 114; Blok, “Poslednye dni,” 18; and see Lincoln,
War’s Dark Shadow
, 202; Nabokov,
Speak
, 186–88.

53
. Barinova,
Vlast’
, 140–41; Alexander Mikhailovich,
Once
, 196–97.

54
. Fuller,
Foe
, 262.

55
. Podbolotov, “Monarchists.”

56
. Kir’ianov,
Pravye partii
, 99, 409–10; and see Bibin,
Dvorianstvo
, 220, 263–66.

57
. Cockfield,
White Crow
, ix–x.

58
.
Grinding Mill
, 167, 193–94.

59
. Marullo,
Russian Requiem
, 229; Bunin,
Cursed Days
, 40–41.

60
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 215–27.

61
. Bashkiroff,
Sickle
, 27.

62
.
Grinding Mill
, 193–94; and see Paléologue,
Ambassador’s Memoirs
, 3:164.

63
. On Rasputin, Varlamov,
Grigorii Rasputin-Novyi
.

64
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 311.

65
. KNA, 16.1916, 1–2.

66
. Pokrovskii, ed., “Politicheskoe polozhenie,” 4, 6, 11.

5:
THE FALL OF THE ROMANOVS

1
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 321–23; Rogger,
Russia
, 266–67.

2
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 323–25; Rogger,
Russia
, 266–67; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 274–75.

3
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 327–31; Rogger,
Russia
, 266–67; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 311–20.

4
. The details are drawn from: RGIA, 1088.2.492, 1–3; 1088.2.307, 34–34ob, 97–98ob; 1088.2.537; RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 24–35; ABM; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 376–77.

5
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 31ob.

6
. Ibid., 32–33.

7
. ABM.

8
. Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 280.

9
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 331–33; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 279–81; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 320–21.

10
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 334–36; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 286–87; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 323–27.

11
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 334–36; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 323–31; Riasanovsky and Steinberg,
History
, 441–43.

12
. Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 334–35; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 320–23.

13
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 33–34.

14
. Ibid., 34–35; YPS/V, 47–48.

15
. YPS/V, 47–48.

16
. RGADA, 1287.1.iv.5137, Materialy I–II, 1917; ABM. Family lore has it that after his abdication, Nicholas invited Dmitry to accompany him to Tobolsk, but that his wife refused to let him go, knowing it would mean his certain death. No contemporary sources corroborate the story, nor is there any evidence the two ever saw each other again after Dmitry left headquarters.

17
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 39; YPS/V, 47–48.

18
. Krasko,
Tri veka
, 385–86; ABM;
SH
, 2:151.

19
. Accounts of persons who lived through the February Revolution in Petrograd expose the lie of this claim. See, for example, Arbenina (Meiendorff),
Through Terror
, 39–40; Elizaveta Issakova, “A Testimony,” BA; Paley,
Memories
, 76–77; Poutiatine,
War
, 51.

20
. Grabbe,
Windows
, 131–35; Francis,
Russia
, 62–65. See also Elizaveta Issakova, “A Testimony,” BA, 164–65; Robien,
Diary
, 17; M. Buchanan,
Dissolution
, 171–72.

21
. Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 321; Chamberlin cites a figure of 1,315 in
Russian Revolution
, 1:85. See also Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 303–304.

22
. Grabbe,
Windows
, 85; Pushkarev,
Vospominaniia
, 52–53, 58; Glenny and Stone, eds.,
Other Russia
, 55; Sollohub,
Russian Countess
, 93; Vasil’chikov, “Petrograd, 1918,” 128.

23
. Figes and Kolonitskii,
Interpreting
, 167–86; Kolonitskii, “Anti-Bourgeois Propaganda”; Smirnova,
Byvshie liudi
, 31–33; Fitzpatrick,
Tear Off
, 3–5.

24
. Steinberg,
Voices
, 9, 13, 17–19; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 308.

25
. Grabbe,
Windows
, 135. It is not clear from Grabbe’s book which Countess Sheremetev this was.

26
. Ignatieff,
Russian Album
, 115.

27
. Sayn-Wittgenstein,
Dnevnik
, 84, 143–46; Rendle, “Symbolic Revolution”; Bashkiroff,
Sickle
, 29–31; Fen,
Remember
, 63.

28
. Count E. P. Bennigsen, “Zapiski,” BA, 488–89.

29
. Mohrenschildt,
Russian Revolution
, 104. For a similar story, see Purishkevich,
Dnevnik
, insert between pp. 64–65.

30
. Kleinmichel,
Memories
, 225–38, 258–59; Robien,
Diary
, 19, 54–56, 66–67.

31
. Kleinmichel,
Memories
, 70–71; Volkov,
Tragediia
, 11; Wrangel,
Always
, 16; Robien,
Diary
, 55–56; Fel’shtinskii and Cherniavskii, “Krasnyi terror,” 9:10–12.

32
. Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 307–17; Lincoln,
Passage
, 337–45.

33
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 344; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 344–49.

34
. Igritskii,
1917 god
, 206.

35
. Cantacuzène,
Revolutionary Days
, 159, 175–76; Arbenina,
Through Terror
, 42; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 322.

36
. Rendle,
Defenders
, 52.

37
. Dolgorukov,
Velikaia razrukha
, 11, 15; Tarasov-Rodionov,
February
, 92; Poutiatine,
War
, 60; Lobanov-Rostovsky,
Grinding Mill
, 203–204; Coles and Urusova,
Letters
, 270; Paléologue,
Ambassador’s Memoirs
, 3:232, 259; Rendle, “Symbolic Revolution.”

38
. IDG, 57.

39
. Issakova, “A Testimony,” BA, 164.

40
. Krasko,
Tri veka
, 262; RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 39–40.

41
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 41.

42
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 38.

43
. Krasko,
Tri veka
, 261–62.

44
. RGADA, 1287.1.510, 254–55ob.

45
. Ibid., 260–63.

46
. Ibid., 260–69ob.

47
. RGADA, 1287.1.I.1943, 31–32; 1287.1.5062, 39, 52; YPS/V, 48; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 263, 352, 356.

48
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 44–45.

49
. Paléologue,
Ambassador’s Memoirs
, 3:258, 337; Cockfield,
White Crow
, 213–15; Perry and Pleshakov,
Flight
, 148, 154–55, 165–66, 207–209.

50
. Chamberlin,
Russian Revolution
, 1:85; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 345–48; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 330–31.

51
.
Perelomy
, 39–40. See, for a similar reaction, Rodzianko,
Tattered Banners
, 224.

52
. Marie Kastchenko, “A World Destroyed,” HIA, 128–29.

53
. Menzies, “Certain Vision,” 50.

54
.
Russian Sketches
, 183–84.

55
.
ZU
, 135–38.

56
. MVG/MV, 562–66.

57
.
KhiG
1 (1996): 143.

58
.
ZU
, 139.

59
. AVG/M, 36–39, 42–44.

60
.
ZU
, 15, 142–44;
KhiG
1 (1996): 143; MVG/MV, 571–72.

61
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 50, 55.

62
. RGADA, 1287.1.5966, 6; 1287.1.6083, 75–76ob.

63
. RGADA, 1287.1.6108, 46–46ob; 1287.1.5966, 6.

64
. RGADA, 1287.1.6135, 1–3; 1287.1.6115, 28–29.

65
.
Ambassador’s Memoirs
, 3:256, 281, 339.

66
. Ibid., 3:227–29.

67
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 59; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 421–22.

68
. Krasko,
Tri veka
, 421.

69
. Barinova,
Vlast’
, 304–306; Rendle,
Defenders
, 1–3, 52–53, 186; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 262–63.

70
. OR RNB, 585.4626, 13.

71
. RGADA, 1287.1.1555, 160–61ob; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 253, 263.

72
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 64.

6:
A COUNTRY OF MUTINOUS SLAVES

1
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 361–65; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 392–94; Schapiro,
Communist Party
, 162–66.

2
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 368. On Lvov, Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 355–56; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 300–01.

3
. Kerensky, quoted in Lincoln,
Passage
, 371.

4
. Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 379–80.

5
. Igritskii,
1917 god
, 34–37, 45–49, 86–88.

6
.
Novoe vremia,
14736, p. 3.

7
.
Den’
, no. 11, p. 4.

8
.
Novoe vremia
, nos. 14744, 14751, 14752, 14753, 14758, 14764; and see Igritskii, “Bor’ba,” 85–97.

9
.
Novoe vremia
, no. 14767, p. 4–5; and May 4/17, no. 14768, p. 4; May 7/20, no. 14771, p. 4;
Den’
, May 6, 1917, no. 52, p. 4; no. 53, May 7, 1917, p. 3.

10
.
Cursed Days
, 80.

11
. Igritskii,
1917 god
, 130–33.

12
.
Den’
, June 25, 1917, no. 94, p. 5.

13
. Ibid., July 25, 1917, no. 118, p. 6; and see Figes,
Peasant Russia
, 55.

14
. Sollohub,
Russian Countess
, 115.

15
. TAS, 307.

16
.
Perelomy
, 40–41.

17
. On “strolling players,” see
The Other Russia
, 59–63; Igritskii,
1917 god
; “Mart-Mai 1917 g.,” 44; “Soiuz zemel’nykh sobstvennikov,” 97–121; Gill,
Peasants
, 163–64.

18
. “A World Destroyed,” HIA, 129–33.

19
. “Crossing the Field,” 90–92.

20
. Baboreko,
Bunin
, 223–25; Marullo,
Russian Requiem
, 238.

21
. Marullo,
Russian Requiem
, 238.

22
. Ibid., 246–47;
Ustami Bunina
, 163, 168.

23
.
ZU
, 146.

24
. Ibid., 146–47.

25
. Ibid., 147–48; MVG/MV, 581–83.

26
.
Revolutionary Days
, 213.

27
. “Otryvki iz dnevnika, 1917–1920,” BA, 10–11.

28
. Robien,
Diary
, 161.

29
. Krasko,
Tri veka
, 264, 386; ABM; RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 68.

30
. RGADA, 1287.1.510, 271–76, 279–82ob.

31
. Obolensky, “Semeinye zapiski,” 175:177, 179.

32
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 76; 1287.1.3500, 87–90.

33
. Ibid., 1287.1.2843, 71–72ob; 1287.1.1490, 44–44ob.

34
. ABM; RGADA, 1287.1.I.3568;
SH
, 2:153–56.

35
. Krasko,
Tri veka
, 422; ABM;
SH
, 2:140.

36
. Carlow, “Memoirs,” 6; Aleksandrovskii,
Iz perezhitogo
, 103–104.

37
. RGADA, 1287.1.5938, 68–68ob, 71, 75.

38
.
Den’
, April 14, 1917, no. 33, p. 1.

39
. Ibid., May 17, 1917, no. 61, p. 4.

40
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 85–100.

41
.
Den’
, October 1, 1917, no. 178, p. 3.

42
.
Pravda
, vechernyi vypusk, December 24, 1917, no. 33, p. 2.

43
. RGADA, 1287.1.5960, 73–73ob.

44
. Ibid., 72; YPS/V, 48–49.

45
. RGADA, 1287.1.5955, 183–83ob, 190–90ob, 195–95ob.