Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy (64 page)

46
. Ibid., 193–94.

47
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 85–100, 111; 1287.1.3500, 1–3ob; 1287.1.2849, 175–76ob.

48
. YPS/V, 48–54;
SVS
, 318.

49
.
Reminiscences
, 1:166–67.

50
. Browder and Kerensky, eds.,
Russian Provisional Government
, 2:608–609; Rendle,
Defenders
, 84–114; Channon, “The Landowners,” in
Society
, ed. Service, 120–46.

51
. Compare Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 419–38; Rabinowitch,
Bolsheviks,
1–38; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 423–35.

52
.
SVS
, 220–21.

53
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 68, 79–80.

54
. Rendle,
Defenders
, 158–73.

55
. VMG/D, 39–40, 50–51, 54–58, 84.

56
. Rendle,
Defenders
, 173–80.

57
. Ibid., 180–86; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 439–67; Riasanovsky and Steinberg,
History
, 445–57.

58
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 64–66; Wassiltschikow,
Verschwundenes Russland
, 299–314; Osipova,
Klassovaia bor’ ba
, 226–28.

59
. Igritskii,
1917 god
, 55–59.

60
. Wassiltschkow,
Verschwundenes Russland
, 332–33.

61
. Igritskii,
1917 god
, 55–59.

62
.
Den’
, August 26, 1917, no. 146, p. 4; August 27, 1917, no. 147.

63
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 112–13.

64
. Ibid., 1287.1.1980, 150–50ob.

65
. Wassiltschikow,
Verschwundenes Russland
, 333; “K istorii provedeniia v zhizn’,” 48–49; GARF, 5918.1.5, 122.

66
. Osipova,
Klassovia bor’ ba
, 227–28;
Zemlia i volia
, August 28, 1917, no. 128, p. 4; October 12, 1917, no. 166, p. 2;
Den’
, September 14, 1917, no. 163, p. 5; September 17, 1919, no. 166, p. 5;
Den’
(under special title
Polnoch’
), November 24, 1917, no. 1, p. 5; Gill,
Peasants
, 142.

67
.
Revolutionary Days
, 328.

68
.
Den’
, September 30, 1917, no. 177, p. 3; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 462–63.

69
. Ibid., October 13, 1917, no. 188, p. 5.

70
. Ibid., October 18, 1917, no. 192, p. 2.

71
. Ibid., (published as
Noch
), November 22, 1917, no. 1, p. 6.

72
. Figes,
Peasant Russia
, 21–22; Gill,
Peasants
, 157–58.

73
. AVG/M, 44–45.

74
. VMG/D, 71–72, 77, 89.

75
. Sayn-Wittgenstein,
Dnevnik
, 93–95, 149.

7:
THE BOLSHEVIK COUP

1
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 124–25.

2
. Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 456–58, 469–78; Rendle,
Defenders
, 199; Robert Service, “The Bolshevik Party,” in
Critical Companion
, 234–35.

3
. Rendle,
Defenders
, 199; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 493–95.

4
. Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 481–95; Lincoln,
Passage
, 441–53.

5
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 136–38.

6
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 468–70.

7
. OGSh, 21.

8
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 136–38; OGSh, 20–24.

9
. OGSh, 24–25.

10
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 470–71; RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 139–42.

11
.
SVS
, 245; Alekseeva, “Velikii,” 25–26.

12
. VMG/D, 103–109.

13
. AVG/M, 46–47.

14
. Appendix II to AVG/M: “Excerpts from the Diaries of Olga and Marina Golitzin and Olga’s Poems,” 9.

15
. Ibid., 5.

16
. AVG/M, 48;
PG
, 432.

17
.
ZU
, 148–51.

18
. VMG/D, 112, 116, 120, 124–25, 133;
ZU
, 152–53.

19
.
ZU
, 148–52.

20
. Marie Kastchenko, “A World Destroyed,” HIA, 138–76.

21
. Sayn-Wittgenstein,
Dnevnik
, 102–28; see also TAS, 309–12.

22
. TAS, 115.

23
. Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 496–98; Lincoln,
Passage
, 457–58; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 489–91.

24
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 458; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 492–97; Rabinowitch,
Bolsheviks
, 302–304.

25
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 458–61; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 499.

26
. Ryan, “Revolution,” 261.

27
. Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 509.

28
. Ibid., 521–24.

29
. Rendle,
Defenders
, 54;
Izvestiia
, March 12, 1917, no. 13, p. 4.

30
.
Dekrety
, 1:41–42, 71, 132–37; Rendle,
Defenders
, 212.

31
. OGSh, 19.

32
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 462–63; Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 526–27.

33
. Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 527–28.

34
. Golinkov,
Krakh
, 73.

35
. Lincoln,
Passage
, 463–68.

36
. OGSh, 27–28.

37
. Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 541–42.

38
. OGSh, 27–28.

39
. Pipes,
Russian Revolution
, 537–55; Lincoln,
Passage
, 475–79; Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 509–10.

40
. Andrew and Gordievsky,
KGB
, 38–41; Lincoln,
Passage
, 474–75.

41
. Nabokov,
Speak,
2, 41–43.

42
. “Zapiski M. S. Trubetskoi,” in A. B. Tatistcheff Collection, box 4, HIA, 1.

43
. VMG/D, 118–19, 121–22, 140, 161; AVG/M, 48–50, and Appendix IV, 15;
KhiG
9 (2002): 156–62, 203–36;
KhiG
7 (2000): 368–75.

44
. AVG/M, 35, and Appendix II, 7, 9–10; Appendix IV, 2;
ZU
, 80–81, 243–44; VMG/D, 118–19, 121–22, 140, 161; Schmemann,
Echoes
, 155–56, 185;
KhiG
10, pt. 1 (2003): 203–12.

45
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 159; 1287.1.5062, 156a.

46
. Ibid., 1287.1.5062, 156a.

47
. ABM.

48
. MVG/M, 65.

49
. RGADA, 1287.1.3500, 27–30ob.

50
. OGSh, 28–31.

51
. Sayn-Wittgenstein,
Dnevnik
, 128.

52
. RGADA, 1287.1.5062, 172.

53
. VMG/D, 116.

8:
EXPROPRIATING THE EXPROPRIATORS

1
. Mawdsley,
Civil War
, v, 399. Drawing on the work of various experts, Mawdsley estimates between seven and ten million died as a result of the fighting. For more on the number of deaths, see Raleigh, “Russian Civil War,” 166. Historians disagree about the day the civil war began, but this book follows the argument put forward by Mawdsley and others that it started with the Bolshevik coup and not, as some claim, the following summer.

2
. Mawdsley,
Civil War
, 268–98.

3
. Ibid., 4–5.

4
. Riasanovsky and Steinberg,
History
, 464.

5
. Smirnova,
Byvshie liudi
, 23.

6
.
Dekrety
, 6:124; Smirnova,
Byvshie liudi
, 9, 14, 56, 76; Rendle,
Defenders
, 203–204.

7
. Nabokov,
Bagazh
, 111.

8
. Quoted in Ryan, “Revolution,” 270–71.

9
. Trifonov,
Likvidatsiia
, 162.

10
. Lenin,
Polnoe sobranie
, 34:287–339; 35:156–58.

11
. Ibid., 34:195–205.

12
. Schapiro,
Communist Party
, 210.

13
. Smirnova,
Byvshie liudi
, 73; Applebaum,
Gulag
, 28–29.

14
. Zinovieff,
Princess Remembers
, 122–25.

15
. Wolksonsky,
Way
, 120–23. See also Robien,
Diary
, 218; WSHC, 1720/1130, Prince Nicholas Galitzine, 6–7.

16
. Ivanov,
Byvshie liudi
, 70; Smirnova,
Byvshie liudi
, 57.

17
. Figes,
People’s Tragedy
, 727.

18
. Smirnova,
Byvshie liudi
, 57.

19
. Fel’shtinskii,
Krasnyi terror
, 108–10; Fel’shtinskii and Cherniavskii, “Krasnyi terror,” 8:14–15; 9:27.

20
. Preston,
Before the Curtain
, 92–94.

21
. McMeekin,
History’s Greatest Heist
, 6–7, 91.

22
. Osipova,
Klassovaia bor’ ba
, 269; Figes,
Peasant Russia
, 296–97.

23
. Figes,
Peasant Russia
, 133–34.

24
. Igritskii,
1917 god
, 259–69; Gill,
Peasants
, 154.

25
. “K istorii provedeniia v zhizn’,” 48–52.

26
. McMeekin,
History’s Great Heist
, 12–13, 17, 24–25, 35–36, 45, 73–91.

27
. Trifonov,
Likvidatsiia
, 117.

28
. Dolgorukov,
Velikaia razrukha
, 96; OGSh, 41–42.

29
. On consolidation and its effects, see Bertaux, “Transmission,” and Chuikina,
Dvorianskaia pamiat’
, 138–40; Zubov,
Stradnye gody
, 80–97; Glenny and Stone, eds.,
Other Russia
, 122–24; Shapovalov,
Remembering
, 131–32; Sollohub,
Russian Countess
, 132–34; Reed,
Ten Days
, 354; Kovalevskii,
Dnevniki
, 51–68.

30
. Steinberg and Riasanovsky,
History
, 460–66; Raleigh, “Russian Civil War,” 157–63; Trifonov,
Likvidatsiia
, 107–108;
Dekrety
, 1:240, 230, 236, 390; 2:136–37.

31
. Trifonov,
Likvidatsiia
, 103–105; McMeekin,
History’s Greatest Heis
t, 12–13, 17, 24–25, 35–36, 45, 73–91.

32
. Skariatina,
World
, 229–32. See also M. F. Meiendorff,
Vospominaniia
, 242–43; Meshcherskaya,
Russian Princess
, 11–14.

33
. Tatishchev,
Zemli
, 265, 269–70; I. Vasil’chikov,
To, chto mne
, 144; Wassiltschikow,
Verschwundenes Russland
, 335; Robien,
Diary
, 104.

34
. McMeekin,
History’s Greatest Heist
, 17–21, 46–48, 56–71.

35
. IDG, 71–72.

36
. GARF, R–5446.5a.737, 2–3; Iusupov,
Memuary
, 1998, 235; Von Meck,
As I
, 179;
Iusupovskii dvorets
, 2:383–84; Clarke,
Lost Fortune
, 106–107, 158–61.

37
. Tolstoy,
I Worked
, 56, 149–50; Tatistscheff, “Crossing the Field,” 148–50; Zinovieff,
Princess
, 122–25; Horsbrugh-Peter,
Memories
, 101. See also Urusova,
Materinskii plach
, 29; M. F. Meiendorff,
Vospominaniia
, 220; KNG, 155–56; Clarke,
Lost Fortune
, 106–108, 157–61; Williams,
Olga’s Story
, 206; Meshcherskaya,
Russian Princess
, 70, 82–83; Shcherbatova, “Dnevnik,” 70.

38
. Nabokov,
Speak
, 187–88, 244–46.

39
. Wassiltschikow,
Verschwundenes Russland
, 345.

40
. Welch,
Russian Court
, 133.

41
. Von Meck,
As I
, 174–76.

42
. Nabokov,
Speak
, 183.

43
. Meiendorff,
Through Terror
, 96, 102, 132.

44
. Babine,
Civil War
, 75.

45
. Skriabina,
Strannitsy
, 79.

46
. Trifonov,
Likvidatsiia
, 164; Ivanov,
Byvshie liudi
, 70–71; McMeekin,
History’s Greatest Heist
, 49; Sayn-Wittgenstein,
Dnevnik
, 168, 180–82; Von Meck,
As I
, 161–62. See also Gipius, “Iz nebytiia,” 90–91; Babine,
Civil War
, 47, 78; E. F. Rodzianko,
Perelomy
, 74–75; Welch,
Russian Court
, 134–35.

47
.
BP
, 4:18.

48
. Brovkin,
Behind
, 119–26;
OPR
, 40; Leggett,
Cheka
, 147–51.

49
. Brovkin,
Behind
, 74–75.

50
. See, for example, Kovalevskii,
Dnevniki
, 20.

51
. Paley,
Memories
, 126, 264; M. Buchanan,
Dissolution
, 265–66.