 | 39. Executive Committee minutes, October 8, 1949, MRP Papers, AN, 350 AP, box 47. Letourneau was one of the top colonial officials in the government.
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| 40. See the account of the cabinet meeting of November 8, 1949, in Auriol,
Journal du Septennat,
3: 400406. Bidault's support of Schuman showed that David Bruce was wrong in expecting Bidault to be "less flexible and more exacting" on Germany than the foreign minister. To a large degree, the two men saw eye to eye (Bruce to State, October 30, 1949,
FRUS, 1949,
3: 627).
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| 41. Minutes of meetings of November 910, 1949, MAE, EU 194955, Généralités, vol. 86. Schuman insisted that Germany not be brought onto the Military Security Board as a member; this body, he believed, must "keep its character as an obligation imposed upon Germany, and not be transformed into an accord with the FRG" (Meeting of November 10, 1949, third session). The directive to the AHC containing these decisions is in Acheson to State, November 11, 1949,
FRUS, 1949,
3: 3068.
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| 42. Adenauer,
Memoirs,
22021; see 22230 for the acrimonious criticisms by the SPD of Adenauer's policy of cooperating with the Allied control mechanisms. The text of the protocol is in McCloy to Acheson, November 22, 1949,
FRUS, 1949,
3; 34346. On the Petersberg discussions, see Schwartz,
America's Germany,
8083.
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| 43. See in particular the remarks of Louis Marin, leader of the right-wing Independent Republicans, in
Le Monde,
November 24, 1949.
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| 44.
Le Monde,
November 2728, 1949.
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| 45. West German exports expanded from $862 million in 194849 to $1.36 billion in 194950. By 195152, Germany was actually running a trade surplus. Hardach, "The Marshall Plan in Germany, 19481952," and Kramer,
The West German Economy,
14873.
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| 46. Leffler,
A Preponderance of Power,
27782; Ireland,
Creating the Entangling Alliance,
100114, 13741; Reid,
Time of Fear and Hope,
11325. For a closer look at French thinking during the debate on NATO, see Wall,
The United States and the Making of Postwar France,
12742, and Young,
France, the Cold War, and the Western Alliance,
21420.
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| 47. Lloyd Gardner,
Approaching Vietnam,
8486.
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| 48. A presidential directive entitled "Military Assistance for Indochina," March 10, 1950, in the Truman Library, White House Confidential File, box 25, ordered rapid military aid for Indochina. France, "a determined protagonist," would do the fighting and could win with the proper support. "The French military leaders," this document asserted, "are soberly convinced that, in the absence of a mass invasion from Red China, the French could be successful."
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| 49. See Drew Middleton's story of November 16, 1949,
New York Times,
on the European idea for German divisions. Truman said the story was made up out of "whole cloth" (
New York Times,
November 18, 1949). Clay's remarks were reported in
New York Times,
November 21, 1949. U.S. Defense Secretary Louis Johnson, in Europe for the NAC defense ministers meetings, said the United States opposed German rearmament. "That is official U.S. policy, with no hedging and no dodging" (
New York Times,
November 28, 1949). The whole affair
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