Life's Greatest Secret (78 page)
Read Life's Greatest Secret Online
Authors: Matthew Cobb
,
92
,
130
,
147
Society of American Microbiologists
60
Spanish Flu virus
280–1
species
base pair frequencies
295
codon bias in
294–5
proportions of DNA bases
62
,
90
‘specific patterns’
139
specificity
doubts over DNA’s
42
,
47
,
60
,
64
,
70
,
106
meanings of
318
nucleotide sequence variation and
57–8
sperm, DNA content
60
Speyer, Joe
191
,
209
spliceosomes
222
‘split genes’ discovery
221
,
223
Stacey, M(aurice)
54–5
Stahl, Frank
163–5
Stanley, Wendell
8
,
46
,
64
start codon
methionine and
213
,
316
variants
225
Stedman, Edgar and Ellen
55
,
58
Stegmann, Ulrich
300
Stent, Gunther
63
,
189
,
216
Stern, Kurt
70–1
Stokes, Alex
98
stop codon and variants
213
,
224–6
,
277
Sturtevant, Alfred
4
sulfur, radioactive
68–9
Sulston, John
231
Sutherland, John
289
Sutherland, Norma
96
Sutton, Walter
3–4
,
60
Svedberg, Theodor ‘The’
39
symbiotic origin, mitochondria
224
Symons, Robert
279
Symposium on submicroscopical morphology in protoplasm
96–7
syncytin
245
synthetic biology
277–9
,
313–14
‘synthetic genetics’
275
systematic invention phase
309–10
systems biology
307
Szathmáry, Eörs
299
Szilárd, Leo
acknowledged by Monod and Jacob
160
declines to sponsor Nirenberg
183
‘derepression of repression’
257
Maxwell’s Demon and
27–8
,
30
,
76
meeting with Monod and Jacob
151–2
negative feedback in protein synthesis
151–4
,
156–7
T
target theory
5–6
Tatum, Ed
10–11
,
204
,
215
,
243–4
Taylor, Harriett
51
,
55
,
59
,
69
as Ephrussi-Taylor
62–3
,
310
Teleological mechanisms meeting, 1946
30
Teleological Society
28
‘teleology’ paper
23
,
149
teleporting life
268–9
Teller, Edward
117
,
120
Temin, Howard
250–2
,
264
temperature and sex determination
300
,
304
templates
DNA strands as
111
Gamow’s genetic code idea
114
genes acting as
72
protein strands as
6
protein synthesis and
121
template RNA
see
messenger RNA
terminology
Benzer on
161–2
,
203
Brenner on
203
Lederberg on
87
,
161
,
244
test tubes
see
cell-free protein synthesis
tetranucleotide hypothesis (Levene’s)
7
,
42
,
51
,
54
,
62
,
90
textbook accounts
67–8
Theobald, Douglas
227
theoretical approaches to the genetic code
115–16
,
143
,
174–5
,
201
,
214–15
Theoretical Physics, Ninth Washington Conference, 1946
32–3
The Theory of Communication,
by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
77
,
79f
thermodynamics, second law
12
,
27–8
,
30
,
75
Thermus aquaticus (Taq)
230
Three-Man Paper (On the nature of gene mutation and gene structure)
6
,
13
,
17–19
thymine
see
pyrimidines
Timofeef-Ressovsky, Nikolai
5
,
27
see also
Three-Man Paper
Tissières, Alfred
177
,
186
Titov, Gherman
185
tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
amino acid sequence
174
as an RNA virus
136
claimed to be a protein crystal
8
,
64
Gamow on overlapping codes and
122–3
Jim Watson’s work on
100
,
108
protein synthesis in
132
,
180–1
Rosalind Franklin’s work on
108
Tomkins, Gordon
172
,
173
,
175
,
182–3
‘Mr Tompkins’
113–14
transcription
318
transcription factors
243–4
,
296
,
318
transfer RNA (tRNA)
adaptor hypothesis and
135
,
209
anticodon idea
211–12
Cold Spring Harbor 1966 Symposium
214
defined
318
discovery
135
Nirenberg’s work on
191
radiolabelled
209
synthetic forms
277
transformation
in
E. coli
51–2
,
56
,
61
,
63
Griffith’s discoveries on
37
in pneumococci
36–9
,
63
transforming principle
alcohol extraction
41
allegations of protein contamination
41–2
,
56
,
60
,
64
,
70
identification as a nucleic acid
38
,
44
identification as DNA
41
,
43–4
,
46–7
,
49
,
52
induction of mutations by
39
‘likened to a gene’
43–4
named by Avery’s group
37
precipitation
40
in viral infections
67
transgenerational effects
256–9
,
261
,
263
translation
291–2
,
318
transposons
245–6
,
259
triple helix models
99–100
,
104
,
106
tRNA
see
transfer RNA
Troland, Leonard
7
,
15
,
18
Tukey, John W.
78
Turing, Alan
26
,
74
,
80–1
U
U-2 and U3 joke
197
UGA (opal) codon
213
,
224–5
,
318
ultracentrifuges
39
,
41
,
163
,
167
ultraviolet radiation
42
Umbarger, Edwin
154–5
uncertainty principle
13
unit cell, DNA crystals
100
,
104–5
universal machine concept
26
,
80
universe, heat death
12
unnatural amino acids
225
,
277–8
unnatural base pairs
277–8
uracil (U)
preponderance
199
,
201–2
,
204
in RNA but not DNA
42
see also
pyrimidines
Urey, Harold
286
USSR
5th International Congress of Biochemistry, Moscow, 1961
183
,
185–8
,
190–2
perceived threats
29
,
86
V
Varmus, Harold
187–8
vCJD (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease)
253–4
Vendrely, Roger
71–2
,
116
Venter, J. Craig
231–3
,
267–8
virulence of pneumococcal strains
36–7
viruses
claimed to be proteins
8
,
64
Epstein-Barr virus
229
mechanism of replication
66–8
moratorium on certain experiments
281
possible relationship to genes
8
,
32
recreating Spanish Flu
280–1
regulatory genes in response to infection
169
RNA and DNA use
289
RNA retroviruses
245–6
,
250–2
SV40 gene transfer
279
transgenerational resistance
258
von Neumann’s studies of
31–2
see also
phages
;
tobacco mosaic
Vogel, Henry
157
von Neumann, John
Caltech cybernetics symposium
80
change of research emphasis
30–2
collaboration with Gamow
119
collaboration with Wiener
27–32
computer design
29–30
,
142
correspondence with Lederberg
146
on self-reproducing automata
32
,
80
,
119
,
146
weapons work
28–9
,
86
von Tschermak, Erich
3
W
Waddington, C. H.
17
Wain-Hobson, Simon
281
Wallin, Ivan
224
war work
as distraction for scientists
20–5
von Neumann’s weapons work
28–9
,
86
Wiener’s changing enthusiasm for
21–2
,
29
see also
atomic bomb
Waring blenders
68
Watson, Jim
attendance at Moscow congress
186–7
attendance at Naples symposium
97
banned from further DNA work
100
,
105
book,
Molecular Biology of the Gene
140
,
251
book,
The Double Helix
105
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