Redeemers (68 page)

On his political ideas before coming to power, the most important text is
Habla el Comandante Hugo Chávez Frías,
by Agustín Blanco (UCV, Venezuela, 1998). Also of value: “Entrevista a Hugo Chávez Frías: Soy sencillamente un revolucionario,” by Rosa Miriam Elizalde and Luis Báez (www.profesionalespcm.org/_php/MuestraArticulo2.php?id=1872).

I made frequent use of the following writings by Chávez himself:
El libro azul
(Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Comunicación e Información, Venezuela, 2007);
Un brazalete tricolor
(Ediciones Vadell, Venezuela, 2004); and his speeches: “Discurso de toma de posesión,” February 2, 1999, http://www.analitica.com/biblioteca/hchavez/toma.asp; “Discurso en el Paseo de los Próceres,” February 2, 1999, http://www.analitica.com/biblioteca/hchavez/los_proceres.asp.

Three excellent books on the Venezuelan cult of Bolívar:
El culto a Bolívar: Esbozo para un estudio de la historia de las ideas en Venezuela
, by Germán Carrera Damas (Alfa, Venezuela, 2003);
Nada sino un hombre
, by Elías Pino Iturrieta (Alfa, Venezuela, 2007); and by the same author,
El divino Bolívar
(Alfa, Venezuela, 2006). On Venezuelan history, I benefited from long conversations with three great Venezuelan historians. Simón Alberto Conzalvi, Germán Carrera Damas, and Elías Pino Iturrieta. I also consulted these books by Consalvi:
El precio de la historia y otros textos políticos
(Comala.com, Venezuela, 2007);
Reflexiones sobre la historia de Venezuela
(Comala.com, Venezuela, 2007); and
El carrusel de las discordias
(Comala.com, Venezuela, 2003).

On Plekhanov:
El papel del individuo en la historia,
the Spanish version of
The Role of the Individual in History
(Editorial Intermundo, Buenos Aires, 1959) and Samuel H. Baron's
Plekhanov in Russian History and Soviet Historiography
(University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995). On Carlyle in Latin America:
Las democracias latinas de América
,
la creación de un continente
, by Francisco García (Colección Biblioteca Ayacucho, Venezuela, 1979), and José Enrique Rodó's
Ariel
and
Motivos de Proteo
(Biblioteca Ayacucho, Venezuela, 1976). For Karl Marx,
El dieciocho Bru-mario de Luis Bonaparte,
the Spanish translation of
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte
(Progreso, U.S.S.R., 1981). Marx's evaluation of Bolívar is in the
New American Encyclopedia
of 1858, available in Spanish as “Bolívar y Ponte”: www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1858/91.bolivar.htm. For the polemic between Inés Quintero and Vladimiro Acosta:
El Bolívar de Marx
(Alfa, Venezuela, 2007) and a consideration of the same theme in the article by Ibsen Martínez, “Marx und Bolivar,”
Letras Libres
, no. 85, January 2006.

Chávez is criticized, especially for his economic record, by Teodoro Petkoff in
El socialismo irreal
(Alfa, Venezuela, 2007); “Sólo nosotros somos gente,”
Peripecias
, no. 75, 28, November 2007; and “Pensamiento único,”
Tal Cual
, April 3, 2008. Corruption within his regime is discussed in an article by Gustavo Coronel: “Corrupción, administración deficiente y abuso de poder en la Venezuela de Hugo Chávez,” Cato Institute, November 27, 2006, http://www.elcato.org/node/2080; from an informational perspective in
Transparencia Internacional
,
Índice Nacional de Percepción de la Corrupción
, in http://www.transparency.org/. Also useful was the article by Reyes Theis,
Lucha contra la corrupción presenta escasos avances
, in the Mexican newspaper
El Universal,
March 2010, available at http://politica.eluniversal.com/2010/03/22/pol_art.lucha-contra-la-corr_1801920.shtml.

On issues of oil and the governmental role in the economy: “An Empty Revolution, the Unfulfilled Promises of Hugo Chavez,” by Francisco Rodríguez,
Foreign Affairs
, March–April 2008, and Ramón Espinasa, “Desempeño del sector petrolero 1997–2007 y primer semestre 2008” and “Papel estatal en la economía venezolana es cada vez mayor,” by Agence France-Presse (AFP), available at http://www.portafolio.com.co/archivo/documento/CMS-7415728; “Gobierno de Venezuela persigue a opositores,” Amnesty International, April 5, 2010, available at http://www.amnistia.cl/web/ent%C3%A9rate/gobierno-de-venezuela-persigue-opositores; and numerous other newspaper and magazine articles.

On the Missions: “La Venezuela de Chávez,” by Scott Johnson,
Letras Libres
, no. 79, Mexico, July 2005, and “Inside Chavez's Missions,” by Álvaro Vargas Llosa, Independent Institute, January 23, 2008.

On the influence of Norberto Ceresole and the question of anti-Semitism in Chávez's Venezuela, see Ceresole's
Caudillo
,
ejército
,
pueblo
(Al-Ándaluz, Spain, 2000); “Hugo Chávez's Jewish Problem,” Travis Pantin,
Commentary
, July–August, 2008. And on the net, “Judíos venezolanos: ¿en la mirilla de Chávez?” by Daniel Shoer Roth, February 6, 2006, http://www.analitica.com/va/vpi/9360288.asp.

On Chávez and Venezuelan students I found the following articles and information particularly useful: “Unidad gana elecciones estudiantiles en la UCV,” by María De Lourdes Vásquez, in
El Universal
, available at http://rbv.info/es/archivado/6560-venezuela–100-unidad-gana-eleccionesestudiantiles-en-la-ucv; Comisión Electoral Estudiantil, “Resultados electorales,” available at http://cee.fceusb.org/; “Situación de violencia en Luz dejó tres heridos,”
El Universal
, May 15, 2009, available at http://boletin.uc.edu.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25107:situacion-de-violencia-en-luz-dejo-tres-heridos&catid=8:actualidad&Itemid=2; “Candidato de UNT y PJ gana las elecciones en la Universidad del Zulia,”
Noticias,
May 14, 2009, available at http://www.noticias24.com/actualdad/noticia/46933/candidato-de-unt-y-pj-gana-las-elecciones-en-la-luz/.

Index

The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your e-book reader's search tools.

 

 

Abbes García, Johnny, 400

Abrantes, José, 359, 360

Acosta, Vladimir, 465, 466

Adler, Alfred, 172

Alamán, Lucas, 264

Albania, events in, 249

Alberdi, Juan Bautista, 45

Alberti, Rafael, 144, 146, 154, 158, 193

Aleixandre, Vicente, 205

Alemán, Miguel, 199

Allende, Salvador, 217, 228, 246, 248

Alomía Robles, Daniel, 94

Altamira, Rafael,
La Revista Crítica,
36

Althusser, Louis, 248, 436

Altolaguirre, Manuel, 144, 154

Alvarado, José, 141, 145, 146, 149

Amauta,
88–89, 102, 110–11, 300

America,
see specific nations América, La,
12

Amezcua, Jenaro, 135

Anderson, Jon Lee, 305–6, 307, 313

Andreiev, Leonidas, 142

Anitúa, Fanny, 73

Antorcha, La
(The Torch), 80–81

Apold, Raúl, 288

APRA, 72–73

and García, 395

and Haya de la Torre, 111–12, 115, 373

and Mariátegui, 104, 111–12, 115–16

Apuleyo Mendoza, Plinio, 344, 345, 347

Aragon, Louis, 231

Aranha, Graça, 37

Araquistáin, Luis, 96

Arbenz, Jacobo, 302

Arendt, Hannah,
Origins of Totalitarianism,
230

Argentina:

anti-U.S. feelings in, 34, 38

censorship in, 288

Córdoba student strike in, 41–42, 96, 103

“dirty war,” 284

economy of, 284

guerrilla movement in, 317–18

labor legislation in, 297

military coup (1943), 275

military dictatorship in, 246, 248, 249, 253, 290

and money laundering, 359

and Nazi Germany, 284–85, 287

Peronism in, 287–91;
see also
Perón, Eva “Evita”; Perón, Juan Domingo

resources of, 291

and socialism, 35, 39

University Reform (1918) in, 41–42

Arguedas, José María, 394, 434

Arizmendi, Elena, 55, 56, 57, 59, 61

Aron, Raymond, 234

Artigas, José, 47

Asturias, Miguel Ángel, 348, 350

Atatürk (Kemal), 98

Auden, W. H., 164, 181

Augustinian order, 411

Ávila Camacho, Manuel, 166

ayllu
system, 106

Azorin, José, 172

Aztec people, 186, 214, 270

 

Baduel, Raúl Isaías, 473

Balaguer, Joaquín, 400

Barbusse, Henri, 97

Barcha, Mercedes, 344, 345

Baroja, Pío, 31

Barreda, Octavio, 170

Basho (Japanese poet), 197

Batista y Zaldívar, Fulgencio, 82, 307, 318

Batlle, José, 46, 73

Battle of Trafalgar (1805), 75

Baudouin, Julio, 93

Bay of Pigs (Cuba), 201, 314

Beecher, Henry Ward, 9

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 68

Seventh Symphony, 60

Behold a Pale Horse
(film), 193

Belaúnde Terry, Fernando, 373, 386

Bell, Daniel, 244, 268

Benavente Motolinía, Toribio de, 411

Benedetti, Mario, 326

Benítez, Father, 283

Benítez, Fernando, 218

Benzon, Branko, 287

Berdyaev, Nikolai, 228, 230

Bergamín, José, 154, 155

Berlin, Isaiah, xi, 383

Berlin Wall, fall of, 267, 425, 433, 441

Betancourt, Rómulo, 295, 302, 472, 478

Bianco, José, 183, 192, 193, 195, 201

Billinghurst, Guillermo, 94

Billington, James, 230

Bioy Casares, Adolfo, 183

Blaine, James, 28

Blake, William, 158, 230

Blanqui, Louis, 227

Bloss, Guillermo, 467

Bolívar, Simón, 295, 342, 451–52

Caesarism of, 465

and Chávez, 452, 453–58, 464–69, 472, 476, 478, 480, 482

as the Condor, 456, 457, 465, 469

cult of, 452, 454, 456, 457

encyclopedic sketch of, 464–65, 467

and
The General in His Labyrinth,
358, 360–61

myth of, 455–58, 464, 465–66, 476, 488

and Oath of Samán de Güere, 454–55, 457

Rodó's essay on, 43–44

and U.S. model, 26–27

Bolivia, Che's death in, 319–20, 329, 393

Bolshevik, use of term, 104

Bolshevism, criticism of, 229, 230

Bonaparte, Louis, 464

Borges, Jorge Luis, 45

and Carlyle, 470, 471

and Catholicism, 279

and
One Hundred Years of Solitude,
346, 347

and Peróns, 280, 288, 471

The Universal History of Infamy,
291

and Vargas Llosa, 376

Bormann, Martin, 285

Borrego Escalante, Salvador, 84

Bosch, José, 141, 145, 157, 209

Brazil:

military dictatorship in, 228, 249

torture in, 231

Breton, André, 160, 161, 191, 230, 243

Brodsky, Joseph, 228–30, 231, 234

Buddhism, 257, 322

Buendía, Aureliano, 342

Bukharin, Nikolai, 160, 230

The ABC of Communism,
148

Bulgaria, events in, 249

Bulnes, Francisco, 37

Bunge, Carlos Octavio, 37

Buñuel, Luis, 192–93, 243

Bustamante y Rivero, José Luis, 369, 371, 373

Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 305

 

Cabada, Juan de la, 154

Cabrera Infante, Guillermo, 273, 377

Cahuide (Inca warrior), 373

Caldera, Rafael, 478

Cambodia, Khmer Rouge in, 386

Camín, Héctor Aguilar, 223, 250–51

Campo, Germán de, 79

Campos, Juan Manuel, 92

Campos, Julieta, 220

Camus, Albert, 208, 230, 243, 244, 348, 382

Cárdenas, Cuauhtémoc, 253, 261, 266

Cárdenas, Lázaro, 147, 150, 151, 161, 166, 200, 217, 221, 227, 261, 304, 436

Cardoza y Aragón, Luis, 151–52

Carlyle, Thomas, 461

and Bolívar, 468–69

and Cromwell, 470–71

and fascism, 471–72

On Heroes and Hero Worship,
43–44, 45, 467, 468–71

Sartor Resartus,
469

Carpentier, Alejo, 348, 378–79, 388

Carrancistas, 50, 55, 134

Carranza, Venustiano:

at Agua Prieta, 61, 135

and Constitution, 51

death of, 61, 122

and Revolution, 50, 121, 130, 134, 442

and U.S., 56

Carrera, Luis, 134

Carrillo Flores, Antonio, 212, 213

Carroll, Lewis, 441

Casa de España, 166

Casa de las Américas, 248, 378, 380, 382

Casey, Michael,
Che's Afterlife,
321

Caso, Antonio, 55, 146

Castañeda, Jorge, 306, 309, 316, 323–24 Castañeda, Leopoldo, 139

Castilla, Ramón, 45

Castillo, Heberto, 261

Castillo Nájera, Francisco, 182

Castro, Raúl, 304, 308, 360

Castro Ruz, Fidel, 85, 201–2, 273,
332

attack on Moncada Barracks, 302, 379

and Bay of Pigs, 314

and Che, 293, 302–3, 304, 318, 319, 320

entry into Havana, 25

and García Márquez, 335–36, 341, 346, 351, 352–53, 355–63

influence of, 227, 388, 452, 453, 459–60, 463, 469

political reality of, 307, 315, 319, 481

and revolution;
see
Cuban Revolution

U.S. assets expropriated by, 311

and Vargas Llosa, 378–79

and Venezuela, 474

Catholic Church:

catechetical movement, 411, 413, 415–23, 438

and Counter-Reformation, 254

hegemony of, 41, 255, 256, 260

history into scripture, 451

in Latin American culture, xii, 256, 324–25, 327

and monarchy, 484–87

Theology of Liberation, 407, 413–14, 415–16, 420, 438

truth in, 325

Vatican II, 248, 407, 412–13, 415

caudillismo
:

Carlyle on, 469–70

Ceresole on, 480

and Chávez, 459–60, 478, 488

and Cromwell, 470

Martí on dangers of, 14, 17

and Peronism, 289–90

Uribe Uribe, 334, 343

Cavafy, Constantine, 257

Ceresole, Norberto, 479–80

Cernuda, Luis, 154, 177

Cervantes, Miguel de, 32, 363

Charles I, king of England, 470

Chávez, Hugo, 342,
450
, 451–82

and Carlyle's writings, 468–71

and Castro, 453, 459–60, 474, 481

and Ceresole, 479–80

failed coup attempt of, 453, 455, 476

and fascism, 471–72

heroes of, 452–54, 467, 469

hero status of, 479–80

influence of, 473–74

and Marx's writings, 463–64, 466–67

and myth of Bolívar, 455–58, 464, 465–66, 476, 488

and Oath of the Samán de Güere, 454–55, 457

and oil, 472–74

opposition to, 481–82

and Plekhanov's work, 458–59, 461–63

and political control, 476–78, 481, 482

as president of Venezuela, 455, 473, 475–76, 478–79, 481

social programs of, 474–75

Un brazalete tricolor
(A Three-Colored Armband), 453–54

Chávez, Néstor “El Látigo,” 452

Chestov, Lev, 228, 230

Chiappe, Anna, 101

Chile:

Allende in, 217, 228, 246, 248

Pinochet in, 231, 246, 248, 358, 388

repression in, 231

right-wing dictatorship in, 249, 253, 342

China:

Cultural Revolution in, 201, 210, 386

Marxist beliefs, 421

People's Republic of, 249

Chirico, Giorgio de, 205

Chocano, José Santos, 87, 88, 89

CIA:

and Bay of Pigs, 314

and Che, 320

in Chile, 217, 228

in Guatemala, 295, 301

Cienfuegos, Camilo, 314

Civil War, U.S., 28, 34

Claridad,
103–4

Cleveland, Grover, 8

Clinton, Bill, 361

Clouthier, Manuel, 266

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 225

Colina, José de la, 196, 241, 253

Colombia:

and democracy, 342

El Bogotazo in, 341–42

guerrilla actions in, 246

Peace of Neerlandia, 334

as republic of grammarians, 333–34, 335

and Spanish heritage, 333–34, 335

Thousand Days War (1899–1902), 334

violence in, 342

communism:

collapse of, 425, 444

and religion, 113

schism with socialism, 101

Second International, 462

Soviet-sanctioned orthodoxy of, 112–13, 115–16, 171

Third International, 98

Comte, Auguste, 29, 54, 75

Concha, Miguel, 411

Congo, Che in, 318–19

Conquest, Robert, 230

Conselheiro, Antônio, 384

Conservatives, 26, 27

Convencionistas, 56

Coppola, Francis Ford, 357–58

Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), 475

Cortázar, Julio, 348, 388

Cortés, Hernán, 50, 91, 408

Cosío Villegas, Daniel, 109, 224

La crisis de México,
200, 211

and Cuba, 201, 294

death of, 238

honors and awards to, 219

and
Plural,
231, 233–34, 238–40

and student movement, 65–66, 72, 211, 217

and Vasconcelos, 62–63, 65–66, 72

Costa Rica, and democracy, 342

Council of Trent, 390

creole, meaning of term, 90

Croatia, mass murders in, 286–87

Croce, Benedetto, 98–99, 102

Cromwell, Oliver, 470–71 Cruz, Esperanza, 84

Cruz, Sor Juana Inés de la, 244, 254–55, 257, 483

Cuauhtémoc, 73

Cuba:

agrarian reform in, 312–13

anti-U.S. sentiments in, 294, 313

Bay of Pigs, 201, 314

Casa de las Américas, 248, 378, 380, 382

Castro in,
see
Castro Ruz, Fidel

Communist Party in, 157, 201, 246, 248

economy of, 308–15

failed revolt (1868), 4

Guantánamo in U.S. hands, 294

Guevara in,
see
Guevara, Ernesto “Che”

intellectuals persecuted in, 359, 379–81

labor camps (UMAP) in, 308, 352

“Little War” (1880), 6

Marcos in, 437–38

Martí on independence of, 4–5, 6, 7, 13–15, 17–18, 20, 30

as model, 477, 481, 489

and Platt Amendment, 294

Rodó on independence of, 24–25

and Soviet Union, 307, 310–12, 315–16

and Spanish Empire, 3, 14

26 de Julio
movement, 302

U.S. embargo on, 309

and U.S. expansionism, 5, 25, 154, 201

Cuban Missile Crisis, 315–16, 377

Cuban Revolution:

and Che, 304, 306–8, 317–18, 327

disenchantment with, 201–2, 226, 258, 378–81, 382

export of, 307, 317, 318

and García Márquez, 351, 352–54, 356, 362

and guerrilla struggle, 318

seeds of, 295–96

and Sierra Maestra, 304–6, 316, 318, 327

supporters of, 247–48, 249, 318

and Vargas Llosa, 376–81, 382

Cuban Revolutionary Committee, 6

Cuban Revolutionary Party, 17, 19

Cuesta, Jorge, 144, 147, 150, 151, 180

Cunha, Euclides da

Os Sertões
(Rebellion in the Backlands), 384

Czechoslovakia:

Prague Spring, 379

Soviet invasion of, 215, 231, 245, 249, 379, 380

 

Dalton, Roque, 325–26

“Credo of El Che,” 326

Dana, Charles A., 464

D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 78–79, 93, 100

Dante Alighieri, 54, 64

Divine Comedy,
63, 231

Darío, Rubén, 33, 36, 39, 222, 335, 336, 369, 376