Redeemers (72 page)

Proust, Marcel, 148

Puente, Ramón, 134

Puerto Rico:

independence of, 17

U.S. acquisition of, 25

Pythagoras, 58

 

Quesada, Gonzalo de, 13

Quetzalcoatl, myth of, 67, 75, 76

Quezada, Abel, 259

Quintero, Inés, 464–65, 466

Quintero Álvarez, Alberto, 160–61

 

Rama, Ángel, 381

Ramírez y Ramírez, Enrique, 146, 147

Ramos, Samuel, 172

Razón, La,
46

Reagan, Ronald, 259, 273, 358

Redford, Robert, 357

Reid-Henry, Simon,
Fidel and Che,
319, 320

Renaissance, 257

Renan, Ernest, 36, 43, 55

Caliban,
33

What is a Nation?,
35

Revel, Jean-François,
The Totalitarian Temptation,
383

Revista Venezolana,
6

Revueltas, José, 142–43, 179, 215–16, 217, 247, 256–57, 268

Revueltas, Silvestre, 154, 156, 176

Reyes, Alfonso, 37, 55, 59, 61, 162, 183, 189, 197, 243

Reyes, Bernardo, 37, 129

Reyes, Jesús, 190

Reyes Heroles, Jesús, 252–53

Rico, Maite, 424, 429

Riding, Alan, 354

Rincón, Carlos, 382

Ripstein, Arturo, 337

Riva Agüero, José Mariano de la, 95

Rivadavia, Bernardino, 45

Rivas Mercado, Antonieta, 76, 79–80

Rivera, Diego, 68, 69–71, 142, 145, 160, 190, 247

Roa Bastos, Augusto, 348

Robespierre, 462

Roca, Deodoro, 42, 299, 327

Roca, Gustavo, 299

Rodó, José Enrique,
22
, 23–47, 487

Ariel
, xii, 25–26, 30, 35–39, 42–43, 54, 62, 114

birth and background of, 23–24

death of, 47

essay on Bolívar, 43–44

influence of, 37, 38–39, 42, 44, 72, 89, 103, 222

influences on, 34, 36, 39, 43

inheritance of, 24

inner torment of, 45–47, 49

El mirador de Próspero
(Prospero's Balcony), 43, 44, 46, 484

Motivos de Proteo,
470

political career of, 43, 46

and
Revista Nacional de Literatura y Ciencias Sociales,
23–24

and Spanish-American War, 24–25

travels of, 47

writings of, 23, 49

on youth and education, 35–36, 38, 40, 41

Rodríguez, Carlos Rafael, 157

Rodríguez, Félix, 320

Rodríguez, José Ignacio, 13

Rodríguez, Simón, 455

Roe, Carlos, 102

Rolland, Romain, 64, 97

Román, José, 401

Romero, Óscar Arnulfo, 423

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 294

Roosevelt, Theodore, 30, 38, 114, 294

Rossi, Alejandro, 220, 241, 242, 348–49

Rouskaya, Norka, 95

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 179, 486

Rousset, David, 192–93, 194

Ruiz Cortines, Adolfo, 304

Ruiz, Samuel,
404
, 405, 407–31

The Biblical Theology of Revelation,
420

birth and early years of, 411–12

and catechetical movement, 411, 413, 415, 418, 419, 421–23, 429

death of, 431

and “just war,” 408, 425

and Las Casas, 407–10, 430, 431

and liberation theology, 413–14, 415–16, 420, 422, 424–25, 427–30, 438, 488

and National Indian Conference, 417–18

as prophet, priest, and king, 420

and SLOP, 423, 424, 427

and Vatican II, 412–13, 415

and Zapatistas, 407, 425, 426–29, 442

Rukeyser, Muriel, 181

Rulfo, Juan, 196

Pedro Páramo,
344

Rumi Maqui (Stone Hand), 94, 434, 435, 436

Russell, Bertrand, 230–31

Russian Revolution, 42

and Mariátegui, 95, 96, 109, 444

and Paz, xiii, 160, 164

 

Sabato, Ernesto, 193

Sakharov, Andrei, 230

Salazar Bondy, Sebastián, 369

Salesian order, 390

Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 253, 266–67, 425, 426

Sánchez, Luis Alberto, 114

Sánchez, Serafín, 16

Sánchez Vázquez, Adolfo, 268

Sandino, Augusto César, 40, 296, 456

Sanguinetti, Julio María, 44

San Martín, José Francisco de, 44

Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 28

Santa Cruz, Andrés, 45

Santamaría, Haydée, 379, 380–81 Santería, 458

Santiaga, Luisa, 340

Santos, Gonzalo N., 79

Saramago, José, 362

Our Word Is Our Weapon,
441–42

Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 11, 27, 41, 74

Facundo,
44–45

Sartre, Jean-Paul:

and Marxism, 245

and Paz, 194, 208, 243, 244, 245

and Vargas Llosa, 373–74, 376, 381, 382

and Vietnam, 354

Scherer, Julio, 219, 234, 240

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 53, 54

Schurz, Carl, 5

Sedova, Natalia, 194

Sendero Luminoso
(Shining Path), 116

Serge, Victor, 180

Serna, Celia de la, 296–97, 299

Shakespeare, William, 54, 64–65, 441

The Tempest,
32–34

Shapiro, Karl, 181

Shearer, Norma, 274

Sierra, Santiago, 127

Sierra Méndez, Justo, 28–29, 41

En tierra yanquee
(On Yankee Land), 29

Sieyès, Emmanuel-Joseph, 16

Siglo XXI Editores, 248

Silone, Ignazio, 155

Singerman, Berta, 67

Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 68, 71, 145, 156, 164, 190, 235, 247

Skorzeny, Otto, 285–86

socialism:

declining support of, 267, 268

and democracy, 228

Indo-American, 434–35

split with communism, 101

utopian, 221

Socrates, 65, 257, 270

Solana, Rafael, 143

Solórzano, Rosa, 122

Soloviev, Sergey, 230

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr,
The Gulag Archipelago,
229–30, 231

Somoza, Anastasio, 253, 258, 296, 348

Sontag, Susan, 359, 362

Sorel, Georges, 102, 104

Soriano, Juan, 159, 168–70, 176

Soulouque, Faustin-Élie, 464

Soviet Union:

collapse of, 312

and communist orthodoxy, 112–13, 115–16, 171

concentration camps in, 192–94, 229, 230

and Cuba, 307, 310–12, 315–16

Cuban Missile Crisis, 315–16, 377

and Czechoslovakia, 215, 231, 245, 249, 379, 380

disenchantment with, 201, 214, 221, 228, 245, 265, 378

economy of, 309, 310

Moscow Trials, 355

NKVD, 157

repression in, 151, 194, 215, 231, 245

and World War II, 164

Spain:

“awakening of the soul,” 32

cultural heritage of, 333–34

Generation of '27, 144

Generation of '98, 31, 96, 154, 172

Golden Age of, 10, 486, 487

as “Iberia, the common fatherland,” 73

Latin American dependence on, 434

Latin American reconciliation with, 31

Latin American wars of independence against, 5, 408, 410, 471

New Laws of the Indies, 408

Reconquista in, 289

Spanish-American War (1898), xii, 5

and anti-U.S. feelings, 39, 294

defeat of Spain in, 19, 24, 30, 31

and Rodó, 24–25

Spanish Civil War, xiii, 191, 193, 194, 208, 221

and Paz, 149–50, 154, 155–60, 213, 216, 233

survivors of, 264–66

Spanish Republic, 149

fall of (1939), 162–63, 164–65

proclaimed (1873), 4

Spencer, Herbert, 29, 54, 334

Spender, Stephen, 155

Spengler, Oswald, 484

Spielberg, Steven, 357

Stalin, Joseph:

critics of, 160, 229, 230, 265

embalmed corpse of, 346

gulags of, 229, 230

and Hitler, 164, 166

purges by, 160, 255

supporters of, 231

and Trotsky, 161, 164

Stalinism, 193, 202, 215, 220, 227

Statue of Liberty, 8

Suárez, Francisco, 234, 485–86

Sucre, Antonio José de, 452

Sur,
168, 172, 182, 183, 192–93, 195, 201, 288

surrealism, 100, 191, 206

Szyszlo, Fernando de, 365

 

Taibo, Paco Ignacio II, 305–6

Taller
(Workshop), 162, 163–64, 165–66, 170, 177–79, 219, 242

Tamayo, Rufino, 190–91, 235, 240

Tejeda, Adalberto, 145

Tenochtitlan, legend of, 56

Texas, annexation of, 30

Texas, Republic of, 26

Thatcher, Margaret, 358

Theology of Liberation, 407, 413–14, 415–16, 420;
see also
Ruiz, Samuel

Third World:

and liberation theology, 414, 420

and oil, 472

and Vatican II, 413

Thomas, Hugh, 305, 315

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 402, 408, 485, 488

Thoreau, Henry David, 114, 230

Tibertelli de Pisis, Bona, 203–5

Tiempo, La,
95, 96, 101

Timón
(Rudder), 81, 83, 175

Tlatoani, Aztec emperor, 214, 225

Tolstoy, Leo, 64, 84

Tomlinson, Charles, 209, 212, 218, 235

Torres Bodet, Jaime, 67, 203

Torri, Julio, 73

Torrijos, Omar, 355–56

Toussaint, Manuel, “Colonial Sketches,” 52

Tramini, Marie-José (Paz), 206–7, 209, 214, 257

Trinidad Sepúlveda Ruiz Velasco, Bishop José, 413

Trotsky, Leon:

assassination of, 164

and Breton, 160, 161

followers of (Trotskyists), 151, 194, 200, 220, 229, 247

and Hitler, 161

Mexican asylum to, 151

and Paz, 160, 161, 208, 230

Permanent Revolution,
390, 391

Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leónidas, 82, 399–402

Túpac Amaru, 94, 106, 384, 447

Turbay, Gabriel, 341

Twain, Mark, 5, 25

 

Ugarte, Manuel, 39–40, 42

“Open Letter to the President of the U.S.,” 39

“The Yankee Peril,” 39

Umberto, king of Italy, 286

Unamuno, Miguel de:

death of, 154

and Generation of '98, 31, 96, 172

and Haya de la Torre, 103

on Martí, 11

and Rodó, 36–37, 45

and Vasconcelos, 75

United Fruit Company, 301–2, 313, 341

United States:

anti-U.S. feelings, 28, 30, 34, 38, 39, 42, 54, 80, 231, 248, 293–95, 296, 307, 313, 339, 341, 480, 484

and Bay of Pigs, 201

CIA, 217, 228, 295, 301, 320

expansionism of, 5, 9, 14, 15, 25, 28–30, 39, 40, 154

Good Neighbor Policy, 294

hegemony of, 25, 293–94

as model for liberals, 26–28, 29, 30

Monroe Doctrine of, 8

Spanish-American War (1898), 5, 19, 294

war against Mexico (1846–48), 25, 30, 40

Universal, El,
76, 139, 253

Upanishads, 59

Uribe Uribe, Rafael, 334, 335, 339, 343

Urquidi, Julia, 375, 376, 377

Lo que Varguitas no dijo
, 382

Uruguay:

anti-U.S. feelings in, 34

military dictatorship in, 246, 248, 253, 342

Usigli, Rodolfo, 195

 

Valdelomar, Abraham, 93

Valéry, Paul, 145

Valle, Félix del, 96

Valle-Inclán, Ramón María del, 31, 348

Vallejo, César, 103, 142, 155

Vallenilla Lanz, Laureano,
Cesarismo democrático
(Democratic Cesarism), 470

Vargas, Ernesto J. (father):

death of, 383

and Dorita, 367–68, 369–70

and Julia, 375

and Mario, 365, 368, 369–71, 372, 374, 382–83, 398, 402

Vargas, Javier, 415, 417

Vargas Llosa, Mario, 348,
364
, 365–402, 488

The Archaic Utopia,
393–95

birth and background of, 367–68

La casa verde
(The Green House), 377

childhood of, 368–71

and Christian Democratic Party, 373–74

La ciudad y los perros
(The City and the Dogs), 374, 377

and communism, 372–73

Conversación en la catedral
(Conversation in the Cathedral), 374, 401

and Cuban Revolution, 376–81, 382

La fiesta del chivo
(The Feast of the Goat), 399–402

and García Márquez, 336–37, 346, 356

La guerra del fin del mundo
(The War at the End of the World), 384–85

and his father, 365, 368, 369–71, 372, 374, 382–83, 398, 402

honors and awards to, 376, 377, 378, 402

and the intelligentsia, 387–88

Los jefes
(The Cubs and Other Stories), 373, 376

and liberalism, 383–85

Literature and Politics
(essays), 374–75

marriages and family of, 375, 377, 381, 382, 402

memoir of, 366–67

Pantaleón y las visitadoras
(Pantaleon and the Lady Visitors), 382

El pez en el agua
(The Fish in the Water), 366–67, 396, 397, 398

and presidential elections, 395–98

The Real Life of Alejandro Mayta,
388–93

Sables y utopías
(Sabers and Utopias), 378

schooling of, 371–72, 375–76

and Shining Path (in Uchuraccay), 386–87, 388, 389

La tia Julia y el escribidor
(Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter), 375, 382

and
Vuelta,
268, 383

Vasconcelos, Carmen (daughter), 55, 84

Vasconcelos, José, xii,
48
, 49–85, 162, 243, 487

Aesthetics,
79

and
La Antorcha
(The Torch), 80–81

as
arielista,
37, 38, 54

birth and background of, 53–54

Bolivarism and Monroeism,
79