169
| individuals with autism produced mu suppression only when they performed hand actions themselves
Oberman, L. M., Hubbard, E. M., McCleery, J. P., Altshuler, E. L., Ramachandran, V. S., & Pineda, J. A. (2005). EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders.
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| nonautistic individuals take longer to perform the incompatible movement
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| People are loud confusing creatures… . And they expect me to add eye contact?
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175
| In humans, the amygdala seems particularly responsive
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175
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175
| When these findings were combined with the fact that amygdala damage in nonhuman primates
Bachevalier, J. (1991). An animal model for childhood autism: Memory loss and socioemotional disturbances following neonatal damage to the limbic system in monkeys.
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| Children with autism actually have larger amygdalae
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175
| This has been seen in children as young as two to four years old
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175
| Seeing that Einstein had an abnormally large parietal lobe
Witelson, S. F., Kigar, D. L., & Harvey, T. (1999). The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein.
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| a sign that they may be overwhelmed by the environment
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| Autistic children also show enhanced threat detection
Krysko, K. M., & Rutherford, M. D. (2009). A threat-detection advantage in those with autism spectrum disorders.
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| increased amygdala volume at age three
Munson, J., Dawson, G., Abbott, R., Faja, S., Webb, S. J., Friedman, S. D., … , & Dager, S. R. (2006). Amygdalar volume and behavioral development in autism.
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| the visual pathways that feed potential threat information to the amygdala
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| Some evidence also suggests that autistic individuals
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| Nonautistics spend nearly twice as much time looking at the eyes
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176
| These differences in social gazing (that is, how we look at faces)
Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., Goldsmith, H. H., … , & Davidson, R. J. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism.
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| A few decades later, J. J. Becher published
Physica Subterranea
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| In 1970, Gordon Gallup made a mirror available
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| Paralleling work linking social interaction and self-awareness in humans
Gallup, G. G. (1977). Self-recognition in primates: A comparative approach to the bidirectional properties of consciousness.
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183
| Not without some controversy, results like these
Plotnik, J. M., de Waal, F. B., & Reiss, D. (2006). Self-recognition in an Asian elephant.
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183
| In addition, the parietal region that responds
Lieberman, M. D. (2007). Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes.
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184
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Baumeister, R. F. (1986).
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| Bill Kelley, Todd Heatherton, and Neil Macrae, prominent social neuroscientists
Kelley, W. M., Macrae, C. N., Wyland, C. L., Caglar, S., Inati, S., & Heatherton, T. F. (2002). Finding the self? An event-related fMRI study.
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| The medial prefrontal region that was observed
Denny, B. T., Kober, H., Wager, T. D., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012). A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies of self and other judgments reveals a spatial gradient for mentalizing in medial prefrontal cortex.
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| the MPFC was observed in 94 percent
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| only our closer primate relatives
Tsujimoto, S., Genovesio, A., & Wise, S. P. (2011). Frontal pole cortex: Encoding ends at the end of the endbrain.
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| Neuroanatomist Katarina Semendeferi examined the size of BA10
Semendeferi, K., Armstrong, E., Schleicher, A., Zilles, K., & Van Hoesen, G. W. (2001). Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10.
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188
| BA10 is less densely populated with neurons
Semendeferi, K., Teffer, K., Buxhoeveden, D. P., Park, M. S., Bludau, S., Amunts, K., … , & Buckwalter, J. (2011). Spatial organization of neurons in the frontal pole sets humans apart from great apes.
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| each “represents the unique, the very special
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| The generally accepted rule is pink for the boys, and blue for the girls
From
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| learning about ourselves in the real world
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| We asked young adolescents (that is, thirteen-year-olds)
Pfeifer, J. H., Masten, C. L., Borofsky, L. A., Dapretto, M., Fuligni, A. J., & Lieberman, M. D. (2009). Neural correlates of direct and reflected self-appraisals in adolescents and adults: When social perspective-taking informs self-perception.
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| In our first study, we convinced undergraduates
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| Focus groups don’t work all that well
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199
| this time we used antismoking ads
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| separate the ads based on the advertising campaign
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201
| “Living for others [is] such a relief
Alain de Botton tweet @alaindebotton 3/5/12, 3:00 a.m.
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201
| “Only a life lived for others is a life worth while”
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201
| I don’t really remember what it was like before
Louis C.K. quote from Interview with Jessica Grose, June 17, 2011, in
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202
| Prior to the modern era, humans spent a few years being cared for
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| Steve Jobs warned the new graduates
Steve Jobs, 2005, Stanford commencement.
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