The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (101 page)

Byzantium’s tension with, 216

pressure on Rome from, 198

Sidon, 125, 127, 354, 412, 433, 448, 633, 656

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

Siege of Acre,
see
Acre: Great Siege of

siege engines, projectile-launching, 53, 95, 98, 99, 100, 394, 632

at Acre, 417, 419, 431, 437–8, 652, 653

Baybars’, 630

‘God’s own’, 438

on shipboard, 585, 653

Sifilke, 421

Sigurd of Norway, 125, 214
n

sin, as cause of defeat, 166

Sinai Peninsula, 270

Sinjar, 289, 321, 322, 423

Slavs, 27

Spain, 211, 214, 376, 533

Almohad Moors in, 532

Almoravids invade, 27

Islam reaches, 19

polities in, 7

territory reconquered from Moors in, 27

Splendid Accounts of the Crusading Wars
(Sayyid ‘Ali al-Hariri), 674

Stabelo, 131

Stephanie of Milly, 304, 328, 360

Stephanie, princess of Cilician Armenia, 539

Stephen of Blois, Count, 46, 55, 68, 71, 106–7, 131, 134, 198

flight of, 74–5

Stephen of Burgundy, Count, 131

Stephen of Cloyes, 533

Stephen of England, 198

Stephen of Pisa, 184

Stephen of Sancerre, 415, 420

Strasbourg, 372, 381

Sufis, 25

Suger of St Denis, Abbot, 213

al-Sulami, 113, 264

Summaq plateau, 84, 139, 142, 152, 166, 240, 243

Syria, 1, 19, 23, 107, 191, 499, 557, 623, 628, 648

Abaqa’s raiding force in, 648

Baldwin II’s arrival in, 166

in crisis, 137–45

disarray in, 64, 229

drought in, 298, 316

earthquakes in, 253, 281

First Crusade in, 62–88

Mongols arrive in, 616

northern, Mongols attain dominion of, 618

Raymond III’s truce with, 332

Saladin’s ongoing attempts to subdue, 319

Saladin’s return to, 513

struggle for control in, 573

Taliban, 677

Talisman
,
The
(Scott), 671

Tancred of Hautville, 45, 46, 52, 60, 69, 70, 86, 92, 94, 97, 101, 106, 116, 117, 127, 130, 137–9, 138–43
passim
, 145, 146–9, 150–2, 160, 162

Antioch commanded by, 137

Baldwin of Boulogne outmanoeuvres, 119

Baldwin’s plight ignored by, 146

Battle of Artah and, 142

Battle of Harran and, 138–40

Cecilia betrothed to, 143

death of, 153

legacy of, 151–3

regency of Antioch taken up by, 120, 137

Tancred: or The New Crusade
(Disraeli), 672

Tanis River, 560, 593, 594, 597–8, 599, 603

Taqi al-Din, 276, 278, 338–9, 344–5

death of, 500

at Great Siege of Acre, 404, 405

Tartars,
see
Mongols

Taticius, 54, 55, 56, 69

Taurus Mountains, 171
n

Tell al-Ayyadiya, 404, 405, 407, 431, 452

Tell Bashir, 139, 141, 194, 237

Tell Danith, 159

Tell Kaisan (Toron of Saladin), 404, 415, 452

Templars (Order of the Temple of Solomon), 168–71, 187, 220, 307, 344, 353, 354, 386, 430, 463, 468, 489, 541–5, 560, 568, 572, 576, 595–6, 597, 598, 633–4, 649, 655

dissolved, 658

French crusading army joined by, 217

at Great Siege of Acre, 400, 406

at Jacob’s Ford,
see
Jacob’s Ford

political influence of, 170

popularising of, 169

supranational nature of, 170, 663

see also
Hospitallers

Temple of Solomon,
see
Jerusalem: Aqsa mosque in

Temüjin, 613

Terre de Sueth (Black Lands), 136, 167, 252, 311, 318

Teutonic Knights, 541–5, 557, 568, 576, 595, 638, 658

Theobald V of Blois, 415, 420, 424

Theodora Comnena, wife of Baldwin III of Jerusalem, 254

Thibaut III of Champagne, 527, 528

Thibaut IV of Champagne, 573

Thierry of Flanders, 207, 254, 305

Third Crusade, 367–74, 378–83, 384–90, 392, 397, 398, 400–515, 662

Acre, Great Siege of, is first full-scale battle of, 405

advance on Jerusalem by (first), 480–2,
481
, 488–9

advance on Jerusalem by (second), 502–4

and indecision, 502–3

councils convened on future of, 489, 494

factions and disputes threaten, 436

fate of Germans in, 420–2

Franks’ argument over strategy and leadership during, 504

Franks’ unquestioned maritime supremacy during, 445

Jaffa stalling of, 480

kings delay departure to, 382–3, 384–5

kings’ journey to, 388–90, 429

outcome of, 153–15

preaching of, 368–74

preparations and finances for, logistics of, 385–8

prostitutes’ arrival during, 411, 480

regrouping by, 492–3

religious ideology underpins, 479

retreats from Jerusalem by,
see
Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from

Richard I arrives at, 428–9

Richard I’s elaborate negotiations with

Saladin during, 482–8

Richard I’s freedom to lead, 456

tax (Saladin Tithe) associated with, 385–6

three-year truce after, 512

transport ships used during, 459

turns back from Jerusalem,
see
Beit

Nuba: Third Crusade’s first retreat from; Beit Nuba: Third Crusade’s second retreat from

winter’s effects on, 488

see also
Richard I; Saladin

Thoros (of Edessa), 60–1

Thoros (son of Leon I), 252, 259

Tiberias, 117, 121, 126–7, 260, 313, 344, 346–8
passim

capitulation of, 354

Raymond welcomes Muslim troops into, 343

Saladin orders dismantling of walls of, 423

Tigris River, 20, 157, 333, 405

Toledo, 27, 152

Toron of Saladin (Tell Kaisan), 404, 415, 452

Tortosa, 147, 150, 213, 649, 656

Toulouse, 377, 383

Tours, 383, 388

Tower of the Chain (Damietta), 552

Tower of the King (Acre), 654

Transjordan, 159, 167, 281, 282, 318, 344, 393, 618, 625

strategic, political and economic significance of, for Ayyubid realm, 330

Trapesac, 396

Treaty of Devol, 145

trebuchets,
see
siege engines, projectile-launching

Tripoli, 86, 113, 147–50,
161
, 257, 319, 393, 538, 539, 573, 635–6, 644, 649

Baybars’ assault on, 642–3

‘crusader state’, 115

Mamluks storm, 650–1

punitive raids against, 281

remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

Saladin’s 1188 attack on, 396

troubadours, 372–3, 376

Troyes, 168

Tughrul Beg, 21, 22

Tughtegin of Damascus, 135–6, 154–6, 157, 165–6

Assassins find ally in, 156

death of, 190

Tunis, 640