The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (98 page)

Mamluk dynasty seizes power in, 612

Maudud’s adventure into, 154

Mongols bring panic to, 616

Muhammad of Baghdad reacts to Frankish subjugation of, 150

new outpost of Western European world born in, 115

Nur al-Din’s death leaves power vacuum in, 288

trading pacts and alliances develop in, 162

Nestorians, 104

New York and Washington, attacks on, 668, 679

Nicaea, 57, 66, 219, 220, 531

Siege of, 52–6

Nicholas IV, Pope, 651

Nicholas of Cologne, 533

Nile:

Amalric seeks to conquer, 271

Delta, 265, 266, 267, 278, 457, 552,
553
, 560, 590, 592

region, 265–8
passim
, 272, 282, 298, 305, 318, 338, 552, 566, 641

river 160, 277, 552–4, 592–3

flooding of, 265, 266, 557, 560, 592, 601

supply chain along, 601

Nilometer, 266

‘Nine Worthies’, 670

Normandy, 369, 372, 384

offensive against, 383

Normans, 7–8

Italian, 45, 57, 70, 215–16

Sicilian kingdom of, 198

North Africa, 8

al-Afdal’s (vizier’s) army taken from, 104

Islam reaches, 19

proxy battleground, 270

Shi‘ite faction seizes control of, 21

Nur al-Din Mahmud, 229–33,
passim
, 235, 236–49, 251–3, 255–65
passim
, 268–71, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278–9, 280, 281–6,
passim
, 287, 288, 297, 368, 670

death of, 284

Frank truce offer refused by, 258

illnesses of, 253, 255, 283–4

‘Just King’ sobriquet of, 149, 262

ornate pulpit ordered by, 262–3, 363

see also
Aleppo; Damascus

Nusrat al-Din, 253

Odo of Châteauroux, 577, 580, 584, 587–8, 604

Odo of St Amand, 307, 313

Old Man of the Mountain,
see
Rashid al-Din Sinan

Oliver of Paderborn, 534, 551, 552, 554, 556, 558, 559

Order of the Temple of Solomon,
see
Templars

Oriflame
, 218, 583, 588, 604

Orontes River, 64, 66, 80, 152, 240, 260

Otho of Grandson, 651, 653, 655

Otranto, 566

Ottoman Turks, 658, 670

Outremer (Levant):

assimilation in, 666

backwater, 23

Baybars seeks to eradicate Latin presence in, 630

becomes leading centre of trade, 547

beset by adversity, 245

commerce and economy in, 546–9

complexity of trade routes in, 182

emergence of two religious orders in, 168

end of days of, 656

Field of Blood’s aftermath confronted by, 166

Franks consolidate hold over, 115

high mortality rate of, 126

influences that created, 666

James of Vitry’s speaking tour of, 536

knowledge and culture in, 183–6

La Forbie battle shatters remaining military strength of, 576

land of faith and devotion, 186–8

languages spoken in, 177

life in, 176–83

Louis IX serves as overlord of, 607

medical knowledge in, 184–5

name of, explained, 115

pilgrims to, 186–7

Qalawun turns attention towards, 648

Richard I credited with saving, 516

Second Crusade set to revitalise, 218

‘severe and terrible judgement’ suffered by, 370

in 13th century, 535–49

vulnerability of, 664

see also
Jerusalem; Palestine

Palestine:

absorbed into Arab-Islamic state, 19

Ascalon a stepping stone between Egypt and, 128

Baldwin I consolidates hold over, 122, 128

Baybars’ exploratory raids into, 631

British mandated to administer, 673

coup avoided in, 167

crown rights bring threat of civil war to, 173

deepening crisis among Latins in, 342

earthquakes in, 281

eastern Christian repression in, 28

Fifth Crusaders begin to arrive in, 551

Frederick II asserts rights to direct rule over, 565

Frederick II’s weakened authority in, 568

Godfrey’s authority in, open to challenge, 116

Godfrey’s depleted army for defence of, 106

Haute Cour becomes important forum for legal, political and military decision making in, 174

imperial rights asserted over, 572

Latin armies united in, 496

Latin Christendom’s foothold in, 513

Louis VII marches to, 233

Maudud invades, 154

Mongols arrive in, 616

Muslims hold all of, 656

rejuvenated fortunes of, 574

Saladin’s first invasion of, 278–9

Saladin’s 1183

offensive against, 324–31

Saladin’s 1187

offensive against, 343–64

Shawar appeals for aid from, 270

shifting balance of power in, 323

southern, Saladin demolishes fortresses in, 498

tales of eastern Christian repressions in, 28

unconquered bulk of, 121

see also
Baldwin of Boulogne (later Baldwin I); Battles of Ramla

papacy:

anti-popes and, 198

crusading strengthens authority of, 668

establishment of, 9

military arm perceived needed by, 16

role of, as Christendom’s protector, 10

upheavals hamper crusading ability of, 198

Paris, 198, 217, 372, 387

Sainte-Chapelle in, 579

Paschal II, Pope, 107, 143, 144

Pelagius, cardinal-bishop of Albarno, 555, 556, 557–8, 559–60, 561, 562, 571, 592

‘People’s Crusade’, 41, 48, 52

Persians, 21, 23, 227, 264, 288, 392

Ilkhanate, 627, 628, 648

Peter Desiderius, 95

Peter the Hermit, 41, 69, 106

Peter Tudebode, 109

Philip II Augustus of France, 323, 367, 369, 378, 379, 380, 382–90, 446–9, 496–7, 516, 526, 578

at Great Siege of Acre,
see
Acre: Great Siege of

Guy–Conrad feud and, 436

John of England’s alliance with, 497, 502

journey to Holy Land by, 388–90, 429

report of death of, 483

Richard I and, rivalry or unity between? 434–6

Richard I’s changed relationship with, 384

Richard I’s disputes with, 377–8

small war chest of, 387