The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (97 page)

Kublai Khan, 618

La Forbie, 575–6

La Mahomerie, 70

Lake Mansallah, 552,
553
, 560

Latakia, 137–8, 139, 142, 145, 396, 416, 538, 548, 618, 637, 650

Lateran Palace, Rome, 34

Latin Romania, 531, 532, 541, 573, 577, 628

Latin West, transformation of, 519–21

Latrun, 354, 482, 504

Le Mans, 372, 383

Lebanon, 62, 86

general council convened to consider, 149

Leon I, prince of Cilician Armenia, 252

Leon I, king of Cilician Armenia (formerly Prince Leon II), 539, 559

Leopold V of Austria, Duke, 381, 444, 515

Levant,
see
Outremer

Liège, 106

Limassol, 429

Lisbon, 212, 213

Lloyd George, David, 674

Lot, 250

Louis VII of France, 201–2, 207, 210, 211, 212, 214–21
passim
, 233, 236, 303, 369, 376, 388

crusading precedent set by, 214

death of, 323

Raymond of Antioch’s scheme rejected by, 233

Richard I’s disputes with, 377

Louis VIII of France, 578

Louis IX of France, 1, 578–9, 578–80, 615, 632, 662, 670

capture and imprisonment of, 604–5

death of, 641

dysentery suffered by, 603, 604

extreme piety shown by, 607–8

first crusade of, 580–608

effect of indecision on, 602

preparations for, 580–4

scurvy suffered during, 601–2

illnesses of, 580, 640–1

John of Joinville’s account of, 581

release of, 606

return of, to France, 607

second crusade of, 639–41

Edward I continues, 641, 643–4

see also
Damietta; Mansourah

Louis of Blois, 527

Low Countries, 6, 534, 639

fighting aristocracy of, 43

Ludwig III of Thuringia, 403, 418

Ludwig IV of Thuringia, 566

Ludwig of Bavaria, 560

Lusignan dynasty, 377, 494

Lydda, 131, 307, 354, 482

Lyons, Malcolm, 335

Ma‘sud of Anatolia, 219, 232, 237, 249

Mahalla Canal, 561, 593, 601

Mainz, 372

al-Majusa, 184

Malik Shah, 22

mamluks
, 2, 192, 274, 276, 442, 465, 590–1, 594, 597, 598, 600, 606

Bahriyya among, 591, 594, 597, 600, 606, 612–13, 621

Mamluk dynasty, 611, 612–13, 614, 616–18,
617
, 618–37, 643, 645–8, 650–1

centralised power in state of, 624

diplomacy of, 626–8

intelligence network of, 630

military machine of, perfecting, 628–30

at Siege of Acre, 651–6

sultanate, 612, 613,
617
, 620, 621–2, 627, 646

Qalawun and, 648

see also
Ayn Jalut, Battle of; Baybars Manfred of Sicily, 627, 632

mangonels,
see
siege engines, projectile-launching

Mansourah, 558, 560, 591, 592, 593, 595, 601

Battle of, 596–9, 662

al-Mansur Ali, 612

al-Mansur Muhammad, 500

Manuel Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium, 172, 216, 218–19, 221, 254–6, 260, 271, 305

death of, 317

Manzikert, Battle of, 27

Marash, 60, 141

Mardin, 258, 321

Maria of Antioch, 254, 304

Maria Comnena, queen of Jerusalem, 271, 299, 328, 356, 360, 436

Maria of Jerusalem, Queen, 539

Marj Ayun, 260

Marqab, 396, 430, 396, 430, 634, 650

Marrat, 84, 85, 90, 662

in Muslim histories, 112

Mary Magdalene, 207

al-Mashtub, 274, 276, 332, 405, 426, 440, 441, 444

Masyaf, 295, 645

Matthew of Edessa, 153

Maudud of Mosul, 150, 151, 153, 154–6

assassination of, 156

Mayer, Hans, 490

Mecca, 17, 19, 281, 325, 513

Muhammad conquers, 18, 24

Medina, 17, 19, 281, 325

Melaz, Princess, 117

Melisende, queen of Jerusalem, 173, 174, 178, 185, 194, 245–6, 303

psalter of, 174–5, 185

Mesopotamia, 20, 22, 23, 138, 226, 227, 246, 257, 289, 321, 495, 499, 541, 615, 638

heartland of Sunni Islam remains in, 191, 229

Hülegü Khan subjugates most of, 615

Saladin and, 312, 319, 332, 339

see also
Iraq

Michael VIII Palaeologus, 628, 639

Michaud, François, 672, 674

military orders,
see
Hospitallers; Templars; Teutonic Knights

Mohammad/Mohammed,
see
Muhammad

monasticism, 11, 12

Möngke Khan, 615, 618

Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia, 615–16,
617
, 625, 627, 628–9, 635, 639, 643, 645–6, 648

Mongols, 546, 566, 611, 613–20,
617
, 621, 622, 625–8
passim
, 633, 635, 638, 643, 644–6, 648

see also
Ayn Jalut, Battle of

Mont Gisard, Battle of, 307–8

Montfort, 544, 568, 643

Montjoie
, 583, 586

Montreal, 159, 281, 282, 304, 344, 396, 557

Moors, 20, 26, 27, 43, 374, 532

Morlaàs, St Foi in, 12

Morphia (wife of Baldwin II), 173

Moses, 18, 250

Mosul, 72, 138, 146, 150, 191, 236, 238, 244–5, 258, 288, 289, 293, 319–20, 332

Saif al-Din seizes, 229

Saladin’s campaign against, 320–3

Saladin’s compromise with, 334

second siege against, 333

Mount Cadmus, 220

Mount Carmel, 187, 401

Mount Gilboa, 619

Mount Pilgrim, 147, 148, 150

Mount Silpius, 64, 67, 73, 75, 76, 636

Mount Staurin, 64, 67

Mount Tabor, 155

Mount Toron, 401, 402, 404, 405, 407

Mount Zion, 92, 97, 98, 100

al-Mu‘azzam, 540, 554, 556, 561, 566

death of, 567

al-Mu‘azzam Turanshah, 594, 601, 602, 605–6, 612

al-Mughith, 625

Muhammad, 91, 250, 325

conversion campaign of, 18

‘Night Journey’ of, 19, 361–2

questions concern legitimacy of successors of, 19

‘revelations’ experienced by, 17–18

warfare embraced by, 24

Muhammad, sultan of Baghdad, 150

Munqidh clan, 152–3

Murtzurphlus (Alexius V), emperor of Byzantium, 530

al-Mustansir, Caliph, 623

Mutamin, 276–7

Myriokephalon, Battle of, 305

Nablus, 172, 178, 246, 329

al-Nasir, Abbasid caliph, 317, 320, 321, 393

Nasir al-Din ibn Shirkuh, 334

al-Nasir Yusuf, 613, 616, 618, 620

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 678

Navarre, 389

Nazareth, 326, 344, 569, 631, 644

Near East:

arteries of commerce linking West with, 182

Baybars’ reshaping of, 622

Baybars seeks to make fortress state of, 621

Byzantium re-emerges as force in, 254

Cairo becomes capital of, 624

capture of True Cross hits Christian morale in, 352

change in shape and balance of power in, 153

commercial interdependence developed in, 456

convulsive changes in balance of power in, 535

crusader strongholds in, 544

cycle of religious violence perpetuated in, 4

disunited Islam remains in, 167

Fatimids conquer large swathes of, 21

in late 11th century, 22–3

Islam secures lasting possession of, 3

Latin settlement gives rise to remarkable society in, 189