The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (95 page)

Hugh of Lusignan, 131, 632, 634

Hugh of Payns, 168, 199

Hugh of Vermandois, 210

Hülegü Khan, 615–18, 620

Humphrey of Toron, 260, 328, 342, 435–6, 483, 493, 512

Hungary, 218, 382, 534, 551, 615

Ibelin dynasty, 323, 539

Iberia, 8, 12, 20, 27, 43, 152, 197, 200, 211, 212, 213, 541, 663

Ibn al-‘Arabi, 28

Ibn al-Athir, 102, 112, 238, 260, 282, 287, 335–6, 341, 355–6, 363, 395, 409, 486, 490–1, 515

Ibn al-Khayyat, 113

Ibn al-Muqaddam, 289, 290–1, 292, 294, 309–10

Ibn al-Qalanisi, 112

Ibn al-Qaysarani, 226, 237, 262

Ibn al-Zaki, 362–3

Ibn ‘Asakir, 262

Ibn Jubayr, 181–2, 250, 262, 330–1

Ibn Qudama, 341

Iftikhar ad-Daulah, 94, 95, 98, 102

Il-ghazi of Mardin, 157, 163, 164, 165, 240, 242, 243

death, 167

tolls abolished by, 183

Imad al-Din al-Isfahani, 261–2, 263, 286, 290, 297–8, 308, 309, 333, 334, 352, 353, 358–61
passim
, 362, 392, 397, 403, 411, 426

truce document penned by, 512

Imad al-Din Zangi, 289, 318, 320, 321–2, 333, 334, 499

In Praise of the New Knighthood
(Bernard of Clairvaux), 169

Inab, Battle of, 239–44, 245, 368

Innocent II, Pope, 200

Innocent III, Pope, 521–6, 528, 531–5, 541, 550–1, 552, 554, 659, 662

Albigensian Crusade launched by, 532

death of, 535, 536, 551

Fifth Crusade proclaimed by, 533

Fourth Crusaders ignore

Constantinople prohibition of, 531

management and operation of holy war refined by, 523–4

new (Fourth) crusade envisaged by, 524

Innocent IV, Pope, 577 new crusade proclaimed by, 577

Iran, 19, 20, 22, 191, 614, 615

Iraq, 1, 19, 20, 22, 114, 154, 181, 191, 193, 228, 244, 248, 258

see also
Baghdad; Mesopotamia

Isa (jurist and
imam
), 274, 332, 338

death of, 411

Isa (swimmer), 417

Isaac II Angelus, emperor of Byzantium, 382, 393, 529

Isaac Comnenus, 429–30

Isabella II, queen of Jerusalem, 539, 565, 567–8

Isabella of Jerusalem, 301, 328, 342, 435–6, 493, 538

Henry marries, 496

Islam:

Abbasid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 623

fragmentation of, 27

Almoravids among, 27

appetite for conquest demonstrated by, 18–19

bifurcated world as described by, 25

Burid dynasty within, 190, 192, 236, 246–8

Byzantium’s quarrelsome respect for, 27

caliphs in, 18, 20

‘Rightly Guided’, 19

Christian Europe and, on eve of Crusades, 26–9

coexistence of Christians and followers of,
see
Outremer: life in

continued unabated commerce between Christendom and, 331

‘Crusader–Zionist’ alliance against, 676, 677

crusades profoundly affected by disarray within, 22

early history of, 17–20

emergence of Shi‘ia sect of, 20

Fatimid dynasty within, 20, 21–2, 23, 56, 71, 266

fragmentation of world of, 20–3

Isma‘ili Order within, 156, 645

Jerusalem’s immutable, historical link with, 91

jihad
cause reawakened in, 1

Koran’s explicit demand for spread of, 18

little post-Crusade response from, 225

modern parallelism and, 675–7

modern, and shadow of Crusades, 674–5

Near Eastern, Sunni–Shi‘ite schism sunders, 71

Nizari sect within, 156

punishments for sex between Christians and followers of, 178

religious and political divisions in, 19–21

Saladin’s scattered authority over, 339

Second Crusade countered by, 232–7

Shi‘ia sect contests Sunni authority within, 20

spreading influence of, 19

style and practice of warfare by, 23–4

‘submission’ definition of, 18

turbulent disarray of Sunni version of, 22

Turks’ coming transforms, 21

Umayyad dynasty within, 19, 230

coup ends rule of, 20

Urban’s demonising characterisation of, 36–8

Urban’s dire warning concerning, 33

warfare and
jihad
, late 11th century, 23–6

Ismail of Damascus, 574, 575

Ismat (Saladin’s wife), 231, 296–7

death of, 297
n

Israel, 675, 676, 678

Istanbul,
see
Constantinople

Italy, 6, 8, 143, 144, 183, 206, 208, 369, 381, 555, 651–2

Bohemond’s rapturous arrival in, 143

crusader envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531

fighting aristocracy of, 43

mercantile fleet of, 7, 172

Norman Sicilian aggression in, 208

Normans of, 45, 57, 70, 215–16

northern, Frederick I and, 369, 381

polities in, 7

seaborne merchants of, 7

southern, Gregory IX’s invasion of, 571

southern, Norman conquest of, 44

southern, seizure of by Muslims, 8

see also
Rome

Ivanhoe
(Scott), 671

Izz al-Din, 317, 320, 321, 332, 333, 334, 397

Jabala, 179, 396

Jackson, David, 335

Jacob’s Ford (House of Sorrow), 311–15

Jacobites, 104

Jaffa, 95, 117, 121, 128–9, 131, 132, 354, 393, 457, 479–80, 488, 538, 569, 631, 635