Read The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land Online
Authors: Thomas Asbridge
Tags: #Non-Fiction, #History, #bought-and-paid-for, #Religion
The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (102 page)
Turan, 348
Turan-Shah, 276, 277, 298, 304, 308–10
Turcoman dynasty, 157
Turcopoles, 163, 345
Turks, 21, 23, 26, 34, 36, 55, 89, 411–12
Kipchak, 590, 614, 627, 629
Seljuq, 21–2, 23, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 75, 89, 107, 220, 230, 256, 541, 554, 614
Antioch recovered by, 27
at Battle of Dorylaeum, 57–9
at Battle of Manzikert, 27
war tactics of, 24
Tutush, 22
Twain, Mark, 672
Tyre, 90, 125, 172, 179, 182, 393, 398, 410, 412, 435, 436, 445, 448, 495, 633, 649, 656
Frederick Barbarossa’s bones buried in, 421
Hugh of Burgundy tries to seize control of, 496
refugee Latins take refuge in, 355
remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547
Richard I refused entry into, 430
Saladin’s 1187
siege and attack on, 394–5
Saladin leaves untouched, 355–6
Umar, 362, 363
Unur of Damascus, 187, 192–3, 230, 231–2, 234, 235, 236, 239
death of, 244
Urban II, Pope, 11, 33–41, 42–3, 200, 288, 659
Alexius requests aid of, 49
Alexius’s appeal to, 34
becomes pope, 34
Clermont sermon of, 33, 35–9, 110, 198, 202, 203, 205
death of, 107
First Crusade instigated by, 10, 33–9
Gregory VII compared with, 16
preaching tour of, 35
Urban III, Pope, 367
urbanisation, 7
Usama ibn Munqidh, 179–80, 184, 187
Uthman (son of Saladin), 338, 540 ‘Uthman (caliph), 234
Venetian crusade, 199, 659
Venice, 7, 182, 541, 547, 649, 666
commercial powerhouse of Frankish Levant, 172
n
Fourth Crusade envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531
Vézelay, 202, 206–8, 388
Virgin Mary, 18, 49, 187
Virtues of Jihad
,
The
(Baha al-Din), 397
Viterbo, 201
Voltaire, 670
Wales, 372
al-Walid, Umayyad caliph, 250
War of St Sabas, 627
warhorses, 13
n
, 59
‘weighing of souls’, 11
Welf of Bavaria, 209
Welf dynasty, 198
Wends, 212, 213
Wibald of Corvey and Stavelot, Abbot, 213
Wilhelm II of Germany, 673, 674, 675
William I of England (the Conqueror), 46
William II of England (Rufus), 46
William II of Sicily, 371, 389
William of Aquitaine, 131
William of Beaujeu, 650, 653, 654
William Jordan, 148, 149
death of, 150
William of L’Estang, 478, 510
William of Longchamp, 385
exile of, 493–4
Saladin Tithe, 385–6
William Marshall, 384
William of Montferrat, 303, 393, 528
William of Salisbury (‘Longsword’), 580, 596, 597
William of Tyre, 195, 221, 229, 236, 257, 268, 271, 294, 300, 312, 320, 326, 328–9, 335
archbishop of Tyre, 303
chancellor of kingdom of Jerusalem, 195
n
World Islamic Front, 668
Yaghi Siyan, 66, 67, 70
flight, capture and decapitation of, 73
weakening resistance of, 72
Yarmuk River, 136
Yasur, 482, 488
Yusuf ibn Ayyub,
see
Saladin
al-Zahir, 338, 394, 500, 512, 513, 540
Zangi, 1, 190–5, 205, 211, 225–9, 231, 240, 246, 263, 287
assassination of, 228
Baghdad’s honour for, 227
Edessa conquered by, 194–5, 225–7
honorific titles assumed by, 227–8
Syrian power balance reshaped by death of, 234
Zangid dynasty, 225, 227, 234, 238, 239, 248, 249–50, 320, 321, 514, 647
Zara, 528
Zaragoza, 200
Zardana, 152, 165
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 679
Zionism, 675, 678
Zürich, 209
THOMAS ASBRIDGE
is Senior Lecturer in Medieval History at Queen Mary, University of London, and the author of
The First Crusade
. He lives in England.
Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author.
Jacket design by Allison Saltzman
Jacket art: Richard I at the Battle of Ascalon by Abraham Cooper, © Christie’s Images Ltd./SuperStock
THE CRUSADES
. Copyright © 2010 by Thomas Asbridge. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available upon request.
EPub Edition © January 2010 ISBN: 978-0-06-198136-4
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*
Even in the modern era many histories of the crusades written by ‘western’ scholars have been coloured (consciously or unconsciously) by a degree of bias, because most present this era from a Christian standpoint. This innate partiality might manifest itself relatively subtly–in the decision to describe the outcome of a battle as a victory or defeat, a triumph or disaster. In this account, which is divided into five parts, I have made a deliberate attempt to counteract this tendency by switching the point of view from western European Christian to Near Eastern Muslim in each major section. The book’s core, covering the Third Crusade, alternates between its two major protagonists–Saladin and Richard the Lionheart.
*
France proved to be a major centre of crusade enthusiasm and recruitment when the wars for the Holy Land began in 1095. Even so, not all crusaders were French, but contemporaries who wrote about this era–especially those, like Muslims, who were looking in from outside western Europe–tended to brand all Christian participants in these holy wars as ‘Franks’ (in Arabic,
Ifranj
). It therefore has become common practice to describe the crusaders and those western Europeans who settled in the Near East as the Franks.
*
The adherents of this Latin branch of Christianity–which today is more commonly known as Roman Catholicism–are more accurately described in a medieval setting as ‘Latins’.
*
By modern standards, eleventh-century warhorses were relatively small–indeed, at an average twelve hands in height, today most would be classified as little more than ponies. Even so, they were cripplingly expensive to purchase and just as costly to maintain (requiring feed, horseshoes and the care of a dedicated squire). Most knights also needed at least one additional lighter mount upon which to travel. But small as they were, these warhorses still gave warriors huge advantages during hand-to-hand combat in terms of height, reach, speed and mobility. As equipment, fighting techniques and training improved, knights mounted on a stirruped (and therefore more stable) saddle also developed the ability to carry a heavy spear or lance couched underarm and learned to cooperate in a massed charge. The sheer brute force of this type of attack could utterly overwhelm an unprepared enemy.