The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (102 page)

Turan, 348

Turan-Shah, 276, 277, 298, 304, 308–10

Turcoman dynasty, 157

Turcopoles, 163, 345

Turks, 21, 23, 26, 34, 36, 55, 89, 411–12

Kipchak, 590, 614, 627, 629

Seljuq, 21–2, 23, 53, 55, 57, 58, 59, 63, 75, 89, 107, 220, 230, 256, 541, 554, 614

Antioch recovered by, 27

at Battle of Dorylaeum, 57–9

at Battle of Manzikert, 27

war tactics of, 24

Tutush, 22

Twain, Mark, 672

Tyre, 90, 125, 172, 179, 182, 393, 398, 410, 412, 435, 436, 445, 448, 495, 633, 649, 656

Frederick Barbarossa’s bones buried in, 421

Hugh of Burgundy tries to seize control of, 496

refugee Latins take refuge in, 355

remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

Richard I refused entry into, 430

Saladin’s 1187

siege and attack on, 394–5

Saladin leaves untouched, 355–6

Umar, 362, 363

Unur of Damascus, 187, 192–3, 230, 231–2, 234, 235, 236, 239

death of, 244

Urban II, Pope, 11, 33–41, 42–3, 200, 288, 659

Alexius requests aid of, 49

Alexius’s appeal to, 34

becomes pope, 34

Clermont sermon of, 33, 35–9, 110, 198, 202, 203, 205

death of, 107

First Crusade instigated by, 10, 33–9

Gregory VII compared with, 16

preaching tour of, 35

Urban III, Pope, 367

urbanisation, 7

Usama ibn Munqidh, 179–80, 184, 187

Uthman (son of Saladin), 338, 540 ‘Uthman (caliph), 234

Venetian crusade, 199, 659

Venice, 7, 182, 541, 547, 649, 666

commercial powerhouse of Frankish Levant, 172
n

Fourth Crusade envoys’ ill-fated treaty with, 527–8, 528–9, 531

Vézelay, 202, 206–8, 388

Virgin Mary, 18, 49, 187

Virtues of Jihad
,
The
(Baha al-Din), 397

Viterbo, 201

Voltaire, 670

Wales, 372

al-Walid, Umayyad caliph, 250

War of St Sabas, 627

warhorses, 13
n
, 59

‘weighing of souls’, 11

Welf of Bavaria, 209

Welf dynasty, 198

Wends, 212, 213

Wibald of Corvey and Stavelot, Abbot, 213

Wilhelm II of Germany, 673, 674, 675

William I of England (the Conqueror), 46

William II of England (Rufus), 46

William II of Sicily, 371, 389

William of Aquitaine, 131

William of Beaujeu, 650, 653, 654

William Jordan, 148, 149

death of, 150

William of L’Estang, 478, 510

William of Longchamp, 385

exile of, 493–4

Saladin Tithe, 385–6

William Marshall, 384

William of Montferrat, 303, 393, 528

William of Salisbury (‘Longsword’), 580, 596, 597

William of Tyre, 195, 221, 229, 236, 257, 268, 271, 294, 300, 312, 320, 326, 328–9, 335

archbishop of Tyre, 303

chancellor of kingdom of Jerusalem, 195
n

World Islamic Front, 668

Yaghi Siyan, 66, 67, 70

flight, capture and decapitation of, 73

weakening resistance of, 72

Yarmuk River, 136

Yasur, 482, 488

Yusuf ibn Ayyub,
see
Saladin

al-Zahir, 338, 394, 500, 512, 513, 540

Zangi, 1, 190–5, 205, 211, 225–9, 231, 240, 246, 263, 287

assassination of, 228

Baghdad’s honour for, 227

Edessa conquered by, 194–5, 225–7

honorific titles assumed by, 227–8

Syrian power balance reshaped by death of, 234

Zangid dynasty, 225, 227, 234, 238, 239, 248, 249–50, 320, 321, 514, 647

Zara, 528

Zaragoza, 200

Zardana, 152, 165

al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 679

Zionism, 675, 678

Zürich, 209

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*
Even in the modern era many histories of the crusades written by ‘western’ scholars have been coloured (consciously or unconsciously) by a degree of bias, because most present this era from a Christian standpoint. This innate partiality might manifest itself relatively subtly–in the decision to describe the outcome of a battle as a victory or defeat, a triumph or disaster. In this account, which is divided into five parts, I have made a deliberate attempt to counteract this tendency by switching the point of view from western European Christian to Near Eastern Muslim in each major section. The book’s core, covering the Third Crusade, alternates between its two major protagonists–Saladin and Richard the Lionheart.

*
France proved to be a major centre of crusade enthusiasm and recruitment when the wars for the Holy Land began in 1095. Even so, not all crusaders were French, but contemporaries who wrote about this era–especially those, like Muslims, who were looking in from outside western Europe–tended to brand all Christian participants in these holy wars as ‘Franks’ (in Arabic,
Ifranj
). It therefore has become common practice to describe the crusaders and those western Europeans who settled in the Near East as the Franks.

*
The adherents of this Latin branch of Christianity–which today is more commonly known as Roman Catholicism–are more accurately described in a medieval setting as ‘Latins’.

*
By modern standards, eleventh-century warhorses were relatively small–indeed, at an average twelve hands in height, today most would be classified as little more than ponies. Even so, they were cripplingly expensive to purchase and just as costly to maintain (requiring feed, horseshoes and the care of a dedicated squire). Most knights also needed at least one additional lighter mount upon which to travel. But small as they were, these warhorses still gave warriors huge advantages during hand-to-hand combat in terms of height, reach, speed and mobility. As equipment, fighting techniques and training improved, knights mounted on a stirruped (and therefore more stable) saddle also developed the ability to carry a heavy spear or lance couched underarm and learned to cooperate in a massed charge. The sheer brute force of this type of attack could utterly overwhelm an unprepared enemy.