The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (91 page)

remarkable prosperity in 13th century enjoyed by, 547

Beit Nuba, 481, 488

Third Crusade’s first retreat from, 489–91, 499

Third Crusade’s second retreat from, 507–9

Belen Pass, 64

Belgium, 672

Belus Hills, 152, 163, 240, 243

Belus River, 404, 408, 461, 549

Belvoir, 396

Berengaria, Princess, 389, 390, 429, 435

Richard I marries, 429

Berke Khan, 574–5, 627

Bernard of Clairvaux, 168–9, 196, 200–1, 206–9, 212–4
passim
, 215, 217, 368

Bernard, patriarch of Antioch, 138, 147

Berry, 377

Bertrand of Moncontour, 47

Bertrand of Toulouse, 148, 149–50

death of, 154

bestiality, 412

Bethlehem, 121

al-Kamil surrenders, 569

Church of the Nativity in, 120

Bethsan, 318–19, 326

Bible:

Commandments, 14

New Testament, 14, 110

Old Testament, 14–15, 110

Revelation, 111

Bilbais, 268, 270, 271–2

bin Laden, Osama, 668, 677, 679

Biqa valley, 304, 309

al-Bira, 628, 629, 631

Blachernae, Palace of, 50

Black Mountain, 187

Blanche of Castile, 578, 582, 607

Blondel, 516

Bohemond II of Antioch, 166, 167

Bohemond III of Antioch, 245, 256, 259, 323, 344–5

Nur al-din releases, 260

Saladin’s truce with, 322

surrender of, 259

Bohemond IV of Antioch, 539

Bohemond VI of Antioch, 616, 618, 635, 636, 642–3

Bohemond VII of Antioch, 649, 650

Bohemond of Taranto, 44–5, 46, 48, 50, 52, 57–9, 63, 69, 70, 73–4, 75–6, 80–1, 82–4
passim
, 85–6, 116–17, 137, 142, 146, 147

Anatolian Turks capture, 117

appearance of, 44

Battle of Harran and, 138–40, 166

Constance marries, 143

Crusade (1106–8) of, 142–5

death of, 145

elected army commander-in-chief, 79

Firuz’s betrayal and, 72–3

fleeting later historical records of, 145

Godfrey’s wishes concerning, 118

Boniface of Montferrat, 528, 529

Book of Contemplation
(Usama ibn Munqidh), 179–

Book of Holy War
(
Kitab al-Jihad
), 113

Bosphorus Strait, 50, 52, 219, 530

Bosra, 232

Bouqia, 171, 257, 259, 545

Bourzey, 396

Brindisi, 565

British Library, 174

Bursuq of Hamadan, 157–8, 159

Bush, George W., 668, 679

Byzantium, 6, 16, 26, 34, 36, 103, 117, 143

Antioch’s reconquest secured by, 63

crusade failed by, 74–5

First Crusade and, 47–56

focus of civilisation, 48

Islam’s quarrelsome respect for, 27

Jerusalem captured from, 19

Manuel takes control of, 216

re-emerged force in Near East, 254

Roger of Sicily’s expansionist policies threaten, 216

Sicily’s tension with, 216

see also
Constantinople

Caesarea, 90, 117, 127, 354, 464, 632, 633, 643

Baldwin I’s 1101

attack on, 123–4

Louis IX’s refortification of, 607

Saladin orders demolition of, 423

Cairo, 21, 251, 266, 267, 271, 273, 618, 278, 279, 559, 594

al-Azhar mosque in, 624

hostility between Damascus and, 283

Mamluks in,
see
Mamluk dynasty

military garrison in, 277

Saladin extends authority over, 339

union of Damascus and, 298

Calixtus II, Pope, 172, 199, 200

Capetian dynasty, 198, 369–70, 377

Richard I’s post-Crusade campaigns against, 516

see also
France; Philip II Augustus of France

Carolingians, 6–7

conquest campaigns sponsored by, 15

decline of, 9

Carpinel, Geldemar, 118, 127, 129

carrier pigeons, 297, 416, 625

Castile, 564

catapults,
see
siege engines, projectile-launching

Cathars, 521

Albigensian Crusade launched against, 532

Cave de Sueth, 318, 324

Cecilia of France, 143, 154

Chahine, Youseff, 678

Châlons-sur-Marne, 215, 218

Chalus, 516

Chanson d’Antioche
, 110–11

Charlemagne, 6, 8, 376

Godfrey’s lineage to, 45

Charles of Anjou, 581, 606, 627, 640, 641

Charles the Hammer, 19

Chastel Neuf, 260

Chavli of Mosul, 146, 147

Children’s Crusade, 533, 534, 536

China:

Islam reaches, 19

northern, Mongols subjugate, 614

Christendom:

continued unabated commerce between Islam and, 331

drive to rejuvenate, 10

Fourth Lateran Council discussion of, 535

Latin, establishment of, 8

secular world’s influence on, 10

see also
Christianity

Christianity:

all-embracing nature of, 10–11

challenges to, around 1200, 520

coexistence of Muslims and followers of,
see
Outremer: life in

Constantine’s conversion to, 6, 8

Dominicans within, 521

Europe converted to, 8

European, Islam and, on eve of Crusades, 26–9

Franciscans within, 521

heresy within, 520–1

horrors of damnation evoked by, 11

Islam’s poll tax on, 18

Islam seen as ‘refinement’ of, 18

Nestorian, 614

paganism in Roman empire displaced by, 8

punishments for sex between Muslims and followers of, 178

Urban’s dire warning concerning, 33

warrior saints celebrated by, 15

weapons come to be blessed by, 15

see also
Christendom

Cilicia, 60, 69, 137, 138, 139, 142, 145, 167, 317, 539, 633

Cistercian order, 206

Cîteaux, 206

Clement IV, Pope, 639, 640

Clermont, 33, 35, 110

Cluniac movement, 11

Cluny, 11, 206

Cologne, 381

Conon de Béthune, 373

Conrad III of Germany, 208–9, 214–17, 218–21
passim
, 233, 235–6, 303

crusading precedent set by, 214

wounding of, 220

Conrad, constable of Germany, 131, 134

Conrad of Montferrat, 393–4, 395, 398, 403, 407, 410, 412, 430, 449, 451, 484, 492–3, 528

assassination of, 495–6

Guy’s rivalry with, 435–6, 448, 493

Jerusalem crown offered to, 494

Jerusalem throne and, 435–6, 448, 493

‘king elect’, 436

Richard I’s parley with, 492

Richard I’s right to command acknowledged by, 456

Saladin’s attempt to exploit rift between

Richard I and, 487