The Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land (92 page)

Saladin’s contact with, 487

Saladin seeks diplomatic re-engagement with, 501

telling advantages of, over Richard, 492

ultimatum of, to Saladin, 495

Constance of Antioch, 167–8, 173, 245, 252

death of, 304,

Constance of France, 143, 145

Constantine the Great, 5–6, 8, 48, 90

Constantinople, 5, 19, 26, 48–9, 52, 107, 382, 546

exorbitant taxation in, 34

exposed to attack, 216

Fourth Crusade’s offensive against, 529–32

massacre in, 317

patriarch in, 9

see also
Byzantium

Convent of Our Lady, Saidnaya, 187

Copts, 23, 104, 266

Coxon, 60

Cresson, 344

Crusade of 1101, 107–8

Asia Minor crossed by, 107

crusade, etymology of, 372

crusader castles, 544–6

Crusader States,
161
,
537

creation of, 115–62

discussion of crisis facing, 172

in early 13th century,
537
;
see also
Outremer: in 13th century

instability in, following Field of Blood, 167

martial expertise provided by, 170

Military Orders focus on protection of, 170

northern, watershed in history of, 142

see also
Antioch; Edessa; Jerusalem; Outremer; Tripoli

Crusades:

bias in scholars’ interpretations of, 3
n

causes and outcomes of, 658–64

chronology of, 685–7

consequences of, in medieval world, 664–8

in eastern Mediterranean, 665–6

in Western Europe, 667–8

debate fuelled by, 2

etymology concerning, 40, 669

in history, 680–1

indulgences for participation in, 40, 199, 204, 211, 524, 525, 534, 579

justification for, 15

legacy of, 657–81

longer shadow cast by, 668–80

Arab Nationalism and Islamism, 677–9

later medieval and early-modern perceptions, 670–1

modern Islam and, 674–5

modern parallelism and, 675–80

in Western history and memory, 671–4

modern conflicts equated with, 2

overview of, 1–2

prayer-book treasure from, 174–5, 185

salvation offered by participation in, 10, 38, 40, 42–3, 200, 520, 523, 659, 661

see also
Albigensian Crusade; Barons’ Crusade; Crusade of 1101; Crusader States; Damascus expedition; First Crusade; Second Crusade; Third Crusade; Fourth Crusade; Fifth Crusade; Frederick II of Germany and Sicily: Crusade of; Louis IX of France: first crusade of; Louis IX of France: second crusade of; Venetian crusade

Cumans, 612

Cursat, 636

Cyprus, 69, 103, 252, 255, 304, 429–30, 436, 494, 513, 531, 568, 576, 657

imperial rights asserted over, 572

Jerusalem’s crown shifts to, 574

Louis IX’s staging post, 581, 584

Daimbert of Pisa, Archbishop, 116–17, 118, 120

Baldwin of Boulogne outmanoeuvres, 119

deposing of, 120

Damascus, 19, 21, 22, 66, 71, 114, 134–6, 183, 231–2, 233–5, 244–51, 288, 500, 451, 558, 574, 568, 589, 613, 624, 648

al-Adil seizes power in, 540

Aleppo forms new relationship with, 231

Baybars’ regional governor in, 622

building programme in, 261

cave shrines near, 250

Court of Justice in, 261

Duqaq takes, 22

Galilee the greatest threat to, 330

Grand Umayyad Mosque in, 113, 250, 291, 514

hostility between Cairo and, 283

kings march on, 234–5

al-Mu‘azzam installed as regional emir in, 540

Nasir al-Din’s target, 334

new suburb of, 261

Nur al-Din’s target, 244, 246

Qutuz takes control of, 620

Saladin extends authority over, 339

Saladin’s occupation of, 290–2

Saladin’s post-illness return to, 337

Second Crusade retreats from, 235

Second Crusade targets and besieges, 233–5

surrender of, to Mongols, 618

Tughtegin takes power in, 135

union between Cairo and, 298

Zangi aims to conquer, 191–2

Zangi lays siege to, 192–3

see also
Syria

Damascus expedition, 199

Damietta, 278, 298, 552, 555–61, 562, 592, 594, 600, 601, 602, 604, 606, 628

Louis IX’s assault on, 585–8

Dandalo, Enrico, doge of Venice, 528–9

Danes, 212, 403

Daniel the Abbot, 122

Dante, 670

Dar al-Harb
, 25

Dar al-Islam
, 25

Darum, 278, 354

Richard I conquers, 496

Dead River, 465

Dead Sea, 159

Destroit, 464

Dirgham, 267, 269

Disraeli, Benjamin, 672

Divine Comedy
(Dante), 670

Diyar Bakr, 157, 193, 237, 258, 321, 333, 338, 406, 499

Dog River, 135

Doukas family, 530

Duqaq of Damascus, 22, 66, 71, 119, 135

Durazzo, 144–5

Edessa, 60, 61, 69, 141, 146–7, 150, 151, 154,
161
, 230–1, 233, 370, 500, 663

agrarian and commercial resources of, 146

Antioch effective overlord of, 146

‘crusader state’, 115

dismemberment of, 236–7

Eugenius’s lack of clarity over, 205

rebuilding programme in, 226

Zangi attacks and conquers, 194–5, 225–7

Edward I of England (formerly Lord Edward), 640, 651

Baybars’ assassination plot against, 644

Louis IX’s second crusade continued by, 641, 643–4

Egypt, 1, 19, 21, 22, 23, 56, 89, 134–6, 183, 238, 265–75, 425, 552–62

abolition of Fatimid caliphate in, 280, 339

al-Adil assumes full control of, 540

al-Kamil installed as regional emir in, 540

al-Salih Ayyub secures position in, 574

audit of revenue of, 283

Bahriyya
mamluk
regiment flees, 612

Baldwin I’s ambitious raiding campaign into, 159–60

Baldwin I’s counter-attack on, 134

Battles of Ramla and, 128–34

Baybars assumes authority in, 621

dominant position lost by, 546

Louis IX accepts blame for setbacks to, 607

Louis IX’s assault on,
see
Louis IX: Crusade of

Mamluks in,
see
Mamluk dynasty

non-Koranic taxation of trade abolished in, 278

Pharos’ Lighthouse in, 267

Qutuz proclaimed ruler of, 616

Raymond III’s truce with, 332

Richard I favours attack on, 502–3

abandoned, 510