The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (137 page)

49.
Wood,
Welensky Papers
, p. 790.

50.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Murphy (ed.),
Central Africa
, Part 2, p. 95: Macleod's Minute to Macmillan, 3 December 1959.

51.
Ibid
., p. 131: Macleod (Zomba) to Macmillan, 3 April 1960.

52.
Cmnd. 1148 (1960),
Report of the Advisory Commission on the Review of the Constitution of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland
, para. 27.

53.
For Macleod's calculations, see
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Murphy (ed.),
Central Africa
, Part 2, pp. 232–35: Macleod to Sandys, 26 May 1961.

54.
Cmnd. 1291 (1961).
Report of the Southern Rhodesian Constitutional Conference
, February 1961.

55.
PREM 11/2784, Report by Burke Trend, 13 October 1959.

56.
Shepherd,
Iain Macleod
, p. 212.

57.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Murphy (ed.),
Central Africa
, Part 1, Introduction, p. lxxxvii.

58.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1957–1964
, Part 2, pp. 455–62, for the valedictory report by Sir John Maud, 14 May 1963.

59.
See R. F. Holland,
Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus 1954–1959
(Oxford, 1998), pp. 300–20.

60.
Macmillan's diary, 15 September 1957. P. Catterall (ed.),
The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years, 1950–1957
(2003), p. 599.

61.
Peden,
Treasury
, p. 501.

62.
See P. Mangold,
The Almost Impossible Ally: Harold Macmillan and Charles De Gaulle
(2006), p. 79.

63.
See E. B. Geelhoed (ed.),
The Macmillan–Eisenhower Correspondence
,
1957–1965
(2005).

64.
See
N. Ashton
, ‘Harold Macmillan and the “Golden Days” of Anglo-American Relations Revisited, 1957–1963’,
Diplomatic History
,
29
, 4 (2005), 70. For the declaration,
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964
, Part 2, p. 227.

65.
For this suggestion, see Ashton, ‘Harold Macmillan and the “Golden Days”’, p. 699.

66.
See W. A. Nielsen,
The Great Powers and Africa
(1969), chs. 8, 9 and Table 20.

67.
For this episode, see Ashton, ‘Harold Macmillan and the “Golden Days”’, p. 710.

68.
Mangold,
Impossible Ally
, p. 127.

69.
Ibid
., p. 128.

70.
Ibid
., p. 136.

71.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964
, Part 2, pp. 214–15, for the Cabinet discussion.

72.
Macmillan's diary, 28 January 1963. Quoted in Mangold,
Impossible Ally
, p. 205.

73.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964
, Part 2, p. 198: Cabinet Conclusions, 26 April 1961.

74.
See
G. H. Souton
,
L’alliance incertaine: les rapports politico-strategiques franco-allemands, 1954–1991
(Paris, 1996); P. M. H. Bell,
France and Britain 1940–1994: The Long Separation
(1997), pp. 176–8;
C. Wurm
, ‘Two Paths to Europe’, in
C. Wurm
(ed.),
Western Europe and Germany: The Beginnings of European Integration 1945–1960
(Oxford, 1995), pp. 186–8;
W. Kaiser
, ‘Against Napoleon and Hitler: Background Influences in British Diplomacy’, in
W. Kaiser
and
G. Staerck
(eds.),
British Foreign Policy 1955–1964: Contracting Options
(2000), pp. 122–3; Mangold,
Impossible Ally
, chs. 14–20.

75.
National Archives of Australia, A1209/64, Special Committee on Blue Streak, 22 March 1960.

76.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964
, Part 2, p. 283: Cabinet Memo by Foreign Secretary, 2 September 1964.

77.
R. H. S. Crossman
,
Diaries of a Cabinet Minister
(1976), vol. II, p. 639 (7 January 1968).

78.
A. Cairncross
,
Managing the British Economy in the 1960s: A Treasury Perspective
(Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 92–5.

79.
Ibid
., p. 172.

80.
Ibid
., p. 178.

81.
For the Middle East role, see
G. Balfour-Paul
,
The End of Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Relinquishment of Power in Her Last Three Arab Dependencies
(Cambridge, 1991); for Southeast Asia and the containment of Indonesia, see
J. Subritzski
,
Confronting Sukarno: British, American, Australian and New Zealand Diplomacy in the Malaysian–Indonesian Confrontation, 1961–1965
(2000).

82.
R. C. O. Matthews
,
C. H. Feinstein
and
J. Odling-Smee
,
British Economic Growth 1856–1973
(Stanford, 1982), p. 164.

83.
Cmnd. 2764 (1965), pp. 6, 70–1.

84.
British Documents on the End of Empire
, Series A, Vol. 5: S. R. Ashton and W. R. Louis (eds.),
East of Suez and the Commonwealth
, Part III,
Dependent Territories, Africa, Economics, Race
(2004), p. 496: Treasury Memo, 26 April 1968.

85.
The authoritative study of British policy is now Phuong Pham, ‘The End of East of Suez: The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore 1964 to 1968’ (DPhil., Oxford, 2001), shortly to be published by Oxford University Press. See also
J. Darwin
, ‘Britain's Withdrawal from East of Suez’, in
C. Bridge
(ed.),
Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s
(Carlton, Vic., 1991), pp. 140–58.

86.
Cmnd. 2901,
Statement on Defence Estimates
, 1966, p. 8.

87.
Cmnd. 3203,
Statement on Defence Estimates
, 1967, p. 7.

88.
Crossman,
Diaries of a Cabinet Minister
, vol. II, p. 86 (22 October 1966).

89.
Cmnd. 3357,
Supplementary Statement on Defence Policy
, 1967, pp. 5ff.

90.
The Gulf rulers offered to meet the costs of the British military presence. For the background, see
S. C. Smith
,
Britain's Revival and Fall in the Gulf: Kuwait, Qatar and the Trucial States 1950–1971
(2004).

91.
HC Debs
., 5th series, vol. 756, col. 1991, 18 January 1968.

92.
See
J. R. T. Wood
,
So Far and No Further!: Rhodesia's Bid for Independence during the Retreat from Empire 1959–1965
(Johannesburg, 2005), p. 167. Wood's account is based on both British and Rhodesian records, including the papers of Ian Smith.

93.
Ibid
., ch. 26, for the Anglo-Rhodesian dispute over the role a commission might play.

94.
For Minister of Defence Denis Healey's calculation two months after UDI, see his minute of 20 January 1966,
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Ashton and Louis (eds.),
East of Suez and the Commonwealth 1964–1971
, Part II,
Europe, Rhodesia and the Commonwealth
, p. 232.

95.
For the negotiations, see
E. Windrich
,
Britain and the Politics of Rhodesian Independence
(1978).

96.
Of the twenty-six Commonwealth member states in 1967, eleven were African and five Asian.

97.
This map, labelled ‘Secret’, can be found in
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Ashton and Louis (eds.),
East of Suez and the Commonwealth 1964–1971
, Part II:
Europe, Rhodesia, Commonwealth
, following p. 100.

98.
Quoted in
J. Darwin
,
Britain and Decolonisation
(1988), p. 324.

Conclusion

1.
A. Roberts
,
Salisbury: Victorian Titan
(1999), p. 42.

2.
Churchill in the House of Commons, HC Deb., 5th series, vol. 247, col. 702 (26 January 1931).

3.
H. Dalton
,
High Tide and After: Memoirs 1945–1960
(1962), p. 105.

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY

This is not intended as a full bibliography of the sources used for this book (the detail of these can be found in the endnotes that accompany each chapter) let alone of the whole range of materials consulted, or available to an interested reader. Indeed, the sources for the study of British world power over a period of a century and a half are virtually limitless. Some idea of their scale can be gained from a glance at
A. Porter
(ed.),
Bibliography of Imperial, Colonial and Commonwealth History since 1600
(Oxford, 2002). This contains nearly 24,000 items, some of them running to dozens of volumes. A much shorter but very useful bibliography can be found in
S. Stockwell
(ed.),
The British Empire: Themes and Problems
(Oxford, 2008). J. Holland Rose, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (eds.),
The Cambridge History of the British Empire
, vol. 1 (1929) and vol. 2 (1940) both provide extensive bibliographies, including a guide to archival materials and parliamentary debates. What I have listed below are the main primary sources which I have used, a selection of the available printed sources, and a short list of what seem to me to be the most brilliant or insightful large views of the subject.

Unpublished primary sources

I made use of the following private papers collections. In the United Kingdom: Stanley Baldwin (Cambridge University Library), A. J. Balfour (British Library), Andrew Bonar Law (House of Lords Record Office), Robert Brand (Bodleian Library), Austen Chamberlain (Birmingham University Library), Viscount Chelmsford (British Library India and Oriental Collection), Arthur Creech Jones (Rhodes House Library, Oxford), Lionel Curtis (Bodleian Library), 1st Marquess Curzon (BLIOC), Geoffrey Dawson (Bodleian Library), Edward Grigg (Bodleian Library: microfilm), John Holt and Co. (Rhodes House Library, Oxford), Miles Lampson, later Lord Killearn (Middle East Centre, St Antony's College, Oxford), George Lloyd (Churchill College Archives, Cambridge), David Lloyd George (House of Lords Record Office),Viscount Milner (Bodleian Library), E. S. Montagu (Trinity College, Cambridge), Gerald Portal (Rhodes House Library, Oxford), C. J. Rhodes (Rhodes House Library, Oxford), Viscount Sankey (Bodleian Library), Earl Selborne (Bodleian Library) and John Simon (Bodleian Library).

In the Irish Republic: Donoughmore Mss (Trinity College, Dublin).

In Canada: John Buchan (Douglas Library, Queen's University Kingston), Henri Bourassa (National Archives of Canada), Robert Borden (NAC), Brooke Claxton (NAC), T. A. Crerar (Douglas Library, Queen's University), J. W. Dafoe (Elizabeth Dafoe Library, University of Manitoba), Wilfrid Laurier (NAC), Mackenzie King (NAC), Arthur Meighen (NAC), Charles G. Power (Douglas Library, Queen's University), Clifford Sifton (NAC) and Byron E. Walker (Thomas Fisher Rare Books Library, University of Toronto).

In South Africa: Sir Patrick Duncan and H. G. Lawrence (both in Jagger Library, University of Cape Town), D. F. Malan (Stellenbosch University Library), Charles Crewe and Sir Edgar Walton (both in Cory Library, Rhodes University Library, Grahamstown) and J. P. Fitzpatrick (National English Literary Museum, Grahamstown).