The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (133 page)

68.
J. Belich
,
Paradise Reforged
(Auckland, 2001), p. 273; Grey,
Military History
, pp. 145–7.

69.
Quoted in
K. H. Bailey
, ‘Australia in the Empire’,
Australian Outlook
,
14
, 1 (1942), 13.

70.
The Economist
, 10 May 1941, p. 614.

71.
See
A. Grundlingh
, ‘The King's Afrikaners: Enlistment and Ethnic Identity in the Union of South Africa's Defence Force during the Second World War, 1939–45’,
Journal of African History
,
40
(1999), 354.

72.
J. Van Der Poel
(ed.),
Selections from the Smuts Papers
(Cambridge, 1973), vol.
VI
, pp. 373–7: Smuts to F. H. Theron, 21 July 1942.

73.
R. Hyam
and
P. Henshaw
,
The Lion and the Springbok
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 130–1.

74.
M. Roberts and A. E. G. Trollip,
The South African Opposition 1939–1945
(1947), p. 159.

75.
Ibid
., p. 174.

76.
N. Prasad
,
Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War 1939–1945: The Expansion of the Armed Forces and Defence Organization
(Calcutta, 1956), pp. 54, 60.

77.
Viceroy's statement, 8 August 1940. PP X (1939–40) Cmd. 6219, ‘India and the War’.

78.
See the development of Jinnah's views, in
A. Jalal
,
The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan
(Cambridge, 1985).

79.
See
I. Talbot
,
Khizr Tiwana: The Punjab Unionist Party and the Partition of India
(Karachi, 2002), p. 134.

80.
For this fear, see the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, to Hallett, 16 March 1942,
N. Mansergh
(ed.),
Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power 1942–47, vol. I, The Cripps Mission
(London, 1970), p. 430.

81.
Amery to Linlithgow, 2 March 1942, Mansergh (ed.),
Constitutional Relations
, p. 295; Churchill to Linlithgow, Mansergh (ed.),
Constitutional Relations
, pp. 394–5.

82.
War Cabinet Memo, 2 February 1942, Mansergh (ed.),
Constitutional Relations
, p. 112.

83.
The authoritative account of the Cripps Mission is
R. J. Moore
,
Churchill, Cripps and India 1939–1945
(Oxford, 1979).

84.
Until mid-June 1945. J. M. Brown,
Nehru
(2003), p. 139.

85.
The Economist
, 20 November 1937, ‘British Capital Abroad’, p. 359.

86.
The Economist
, 6 August 1938, p. 281.

87.
The Economist
, 20 November 1937, p. 363.

88.
For the best account of Anglo-American commercial relations, see
I. M. Drummond
,
The Floating Pound and the Sterling Area, 1931–1939
(Cambridge, 1981).

89.
D. Hall,
North American Supply
(1955), p. 269: down from $4,483 million to $2,167 million.

90.
The Economist
, 22 November 1941, p. 630.

91.
J. M. Blum
,
From the Morgenthau Diaries: The Years of Urgency 1938–41
(Boston, 1965), pp. 217–18.

92.
The senator in charge of the lend–lease bill suggested a lien on Malayan rubber and tin.

93.
R. Skidelsky,
The Life of J. M. Keynes: Fighting for Britain
(2000), ch. 4.

94.
D. Moggridge
(ed.),
The Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes: External War Finance
(Cambridge, 1979), p. 222: Keynes to Sir F. Phillips, 14 June 1942.

95.
Ibid
., p. 233: Keynes to Sir H. Wilson, 9 June 1942.

96.
Fortune
, May 1942, pp. 59–60.

97.
A. Warren,
Singapore, 1942
(2002), pp. 117–18.

98.
Quoted in
The Economist
, 21 February 1942.

99.
A. Danchev and D. Todman (eds.),
War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke
(paperback edn, 2002), p. 229 (12 February 1942).

Chapter 12

1.
Speech by Anthony Eden, 30 October 1942,
The Times
, 31 October 1942.

2.
By 1944, the US was spending four times as much as Britain on armaments.

3.
Speech by Smuts, 25 November 1943,
The Times
, 3 December 1943.

4.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: S. R. Ashton and S. E. Stockwell (eds.),
Imperial Policy and Colonial Practice 1925–1945
, Part 1 (1996), pp. 231–44: Memo by Post-Hostilities Planning Staff, ‘The Security of the British Empire’, 29 June 1945. CAB 81/46, PHP(45)29(0) Final.

5.
To 29 per cent by 1943. W. K. Hancock and M. Gowing,
British War Economy
(1949), p. 354.

6.
See
Ibid
., ch. 18.

7.
See
J. M. Keynes
, ‘Our Overseas Financial Prospects’, 13 August 1945, in
D. Moggridge
(ed.),
Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes, vol. XXIV, Activities 1944–1946
(Cambridge, 1979), pp. 398–414.

8.
See Memo by Deputy Minister of Labour, 27 November 1943, National Archives of Canada, Mackenzie King Papers C-7054 (microfilm).

9.
See
M. Milner
,
Canada's Navy: The First Century
(Toronto, 1999), pp. 119, 157.

10.
Quoted in
D. Day
,
John Curtin: A Life
(Sydney, 1999), pp. 438–9.

11.
The Times
, 16 August 1943, 7 September 1943.

12.
The Times
, 7 September 1943.

13.
E. Grigg,
The British Commonwealth: Its Place in the Service of the World
(1943), p. 164.

14.
Copy in Brooke Claxton Mss, NAC MG 32 B-5, vol. 22.

15.
W. L. Mackenzie King Diary, 15 May 1944, consulted online at
http://king.collections.canada.ca
.

16.
Day,
Curtin
, p. 518.

17.
Ibid
., p. 543.

18.
The Times
, 19 May 1942.

19.
The Times
, 3 December 1943.

20.
J. Barnes and D. Nicholson (eds.),
The Empire at Bay: The Leo Amery Diaries 1929–1945
(1988), p. 947 (14 October 1943).

21.
The Times
, 9 September 1943.

22.
Mackenzie King Diary, 5 May 1944.

23.
Ibid
., 9 May 1944.

24.
Speech, 27 August 1943. Brooke Claxton Mss, NAC MG 32 B-5, vol. 22.

25.
Mackenzie King Diary, 4 May 1944.

26.
Queen's University, Kingston, Douglas Library, C. G. Power Mss, Box 1: Political Jottings, July 1943.

27.
C. G. Power Mss, Box 1: Memo by C. G. Power, 10 December 1944.

28.
Mackenzie King Diary, 11 May 1944.

29.
J. Ehrman,
Grand Strategy
, vol. VI (1956), p. 118.

30.
Memo by H. Caccia, 26 October 1944.
D. Ellwoood
,
Italy 1943–1945
(Leicester, 1985), p. 118.

31.
G. M. Alexander
,
The Prelude to the Truman Doctrine: British Policy in Greece 1944–1947
(Oxford, 1982), p. 48.

32.
R. Wilson
, ‘Economic Aspects of Arab Nationalism’, in
M. J. Cohen
and
M. Kolinsky
(eds.),
Demise of the British Empire in the Middle East: Britain's Response to Nationalist Movements, 1943–1955
(1998), p. 67.

33.
By 1948, it was nearly 40 per cent. W. B. Fisher,
The Middle East
(1950), pp. 242–4.

34.
Thus the British ambassador in Cairo had been authorised to use force in April 1944 to prevent the dismissal of his favoured prime minister. See
M. Kolinsky
, ‘Lampson and the Wartime Control of Egypt’, in
Cohen
and
Kolinsky
(eds.),
Demise of the British Empire in the Middle East
, p. 108.

35.
Quoted in J. Darwin,
Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War 1918–1922
(1981), p. 160.

36.
Sir M. Hallet (Governor of the United Provinces) to Linlithgow (Viceroy), 9 March 1943.
N. Mansergh
(ed.),
Constitutional Relations between Britain and India: The Transfer of Power
,
12
vols. (London, 1970–83), vol. III, p. 778.

37.
Linlithgow to Amery (Secretary of State for India), 19 July 1943.
Ibid
., vol. IV, p. 53.

38.
Amery to Churchill, 16 April 1943.
Ibid
., vol. III, p. 895.

39.
Wavell to Amery, 10 July 1944.
Ibid
., vol. IV, p. 1075.

40.
Wavell to Amery, 28 August 1944.
Ibid
., vol. IV, p. 1228.

41.
Ibid
., vol. IV, p. 165.

42.
In his cabinet memo. 2 February 1942.
Ibid
., I, pp. 110–12.

43.
M. Perham
, ‘The Colonial Empire: Capital, Labour and the Colonial Colour Bar’,
The Times
, 14 March 1942.

44.
For a vehement attack on indirect rule, see W. M. Macmillan,
Africa Emergent
(1938).

45.
The Times
, 11 January 1943. Morrison was Home Secretary.

46.
V. H. Rothwell,
Britain and the Cold War 1941–1947
(1982), p. 248.

47.
Ibid
., p. 252.

48.
For a brilliant description of Keynes’ tortured negotiation, see R. Skidelsky,
John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946
(2000), pp. 403–52. For an analysis that draws on the sceptical view from the Bank of England, see
J. Fforde
,
The Bank of England and Public Policy 1941–1958
(Cambridge, 1992), pp. 62–87.

49.
HC Deb., 5th series, vol. 417, col. 442.

50.
Speech in House of Lords, 18 December 1945. D. Moggridge (ed.),
Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes
, vol. XXIV,
Activities 1944–1946
, p. 620.

51.
CAB 128/5, Cabinet 54(46), 3 June 1946.

52.
CAB 128/7, Cabinet 55(46), 5 June 1946, Confidential Annex.

53.
See
R. Smith
and
J. Zametica
, ‘The Cold Warrior: Clement Attlee Reconsidered 1945–47’,
International Affairs
,
61
, 2 (1985), 237–52.

54.
Conclusions of Prime Ministers’ Meeting (46)5. See
W. J. Hudson
and
W. Way
(eds.),
Australia and the Post-War World: Documents 1947
(Canberra, 1995), p. 320.