The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (136 page)

68.
T. L. Hanes III
, ‘Sir Hubert Huddleston and the Independence of the Sudan’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
20
, 2 (1992), 248–73.

69.
For Neguib's outlook and attitudes, see General Neguib,
Egypt's Destiny
(1955).

70.
FO 371/102803: Cresswell to Allen, 30 March 1953.

71.
CAB 158/ 18: JIC (53) 50, 14 May 1953.

72.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Kent (ed.),
Middle East
, Part 3,
1953–1956
, p. 147: Hankey to Eden, 23 November 1953. Hankey was the son of Lord Hankey, the former Cabinet Secretary who was a sharp critic of the evacuation policy. His appointment at the instigation of Churchill was regarded by some Egyptians as a wrecking move. See FO 371/102848: C. B. Duke (Cairo) to R. Allen, 23 July 1953.

73.
Ibid
.

74.
FO 371/102823: Churchill's Minute, 11 December 1953.

75.
Ibid
.: Eden's Minute, 12 December 1953.

76.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Kent (ed.),
Middle East
, Part 3, p. 156: Eden's Minute to Churchill, 1 December 1953.

77.
FO 371/102824: Eden's Minute for Churchill, 21 December 1953.

78.
CAB 129/61: Memo by Acting Foreign Secretary, 4 July 1953, C (53) 190. See also
M. Thornhill
, ‘Britain, the United States and the Rise of an Egyptian Leader: The Politics and Diplomacy of Nasser's Consolidation of Power 1952–4’,
English Historical Review
,
119
, 483 (2004), 892–921.

79.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Kent (ed.),
Middle East
, Part 3, p. 163: Eisenhower to Churchill, 21 December 1953.

80.
Ibid
., p. 82: Eden's Cabinet Memo, 7 January 1954.

81.
See
The Times
, 26 March, 29 March 1954.

82.
CAB 129/69, Note by Minister of State, ‘Egypt: Defence Negotiations’, 6 July 1954, C (45) 220.

83.
See the sardonic remarks of Charles Waterhouse in the House of Commons.
The Times
, 3 November 1954.

84.
Which began as an Iraqi-Turkish agreement in February 1955.

85.
CAB 158/18: Report by JIC, JIC (54) 72 (Final), 11 November 1954.

86.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Kent (ed.),
Middle East
, Part 3, p. 437: Minute by E. Shuckburgh, 23 September 1955.

87.
Ibid
., p. 447: Cabinet Conclusions, 4 October 1955.

88.
Shuckburgh,
Descent
, p. 345.

89.
Ibid
., p. 346.

90.
The best accounts of the Suez crisis can be found in D. Carlton,
Anthony Eden
(1981);
W. R. Louis
and
R. Owen
(eds.),
Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences
(Oxford, 1989); K. Kyle,
The Suez Conflict
(1989); and D. J. Dutton,
Anthony Eden: A Life and a Reputation
(1997). D. R. Thorp,
Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden
(2003), offers a more sympathetic view of Eden than most. The best recent short account is in
R. Hyam
,
Britain's Declining Empire
(Cambridge, 2006).

91.
In his poem, ‘The Lesson’.

92.
A. Nutting,
No End of a Lesson
(1967).

93.
J. G. Ballard
,
Miracles of Life
(2007), p. 21.

94.
W. Webster
,
Englishness and Empire
(Oxford, 2005), p. 140.

95.
On this theme, see
W. R. Louis
, ‘Public Enemy Number One: Britain and the United Nations in the Aftermath of Suez’, in
W. R. Louis
,
Ends of British Imperialism
(2006), pp. 689–724.

96.
Fforde,
Bank of England
, p. 544.

97.
See
D. Kunz
,
The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis
(Durham, NC, 1991), p. 132.

98.
Fforde,
Bank of England
, p. 555.

99.
For Commonwealth reactions, see J. Eayrs (ed.),
The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey
(1964).

100.
For a recent account, see Barry Turner,
Suez 1956
(2006), which stresses the muddle and uncertainty of British operations.

101.
See
R. Worrall
, ‘
Britain and Libya: A Study of Military Bases and State Creation, 1945–1956
’ (DPhil., Oxford University, 2007 ).

Chapter 14

1.
For two recent surveys, see S. Howe, ‘When If Ever Did Empire End? Internal Decolonization in British Culture since the 1950s’, in M. Lynn (ed.),
The British Empire in the 1950s: Retreat or Revival
(2005);
W. Webster
,
Englishness and Empire 1939–1965
(Oxford, 2005).

2.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: D. Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
, Part 2, (1994), pp. 202–4: Cabinet Memo by Colonial Secretary, 4 September 1953.

3.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
, Part 2, pp. 206–12: Cumming-Bruce to Laithwaite, 19 August 1955.

4.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: R. Hyam and W. R. Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire, 1957–1964, Part 1, High Policy, Political and Constitutional Change
(2000), p. 341: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee, 7 May 1957.

5.
Ibid
., p. 356: Cabinet Memo, 20 October 1958.

6.
Ibid
., p. 91: Cabinet Memo, 24 February 1960, Report of Officials’ Committee on ‘Future Policy Study 1960–1970’.

7.
CO 554/2147, Carter to Axworthy, 10 May 1960; Colonial Secretary (Macleod) to Sir E. Windley (the Governor), 7 March 1961.

8.
CO 554/1568, Minute by C. G. Eastwood, 11 March 1959.

9.
See D. Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
(2006).

10.
CO 822/1200: Baring to Colonial Secretary, 7 March 1954.

11.
CO 822/1200: Brief for Colonial Secretary, October 1954.

12.
Multiracialism was abandoned as a constitutional principle in 1958.

13.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire
1957–1964
, Part 1, pp. 371–81: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee, 10 April 1959.

14.
Ibid
., p. 383: Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee, Minutes, 17 April 1959.

15.
FO 371/137970: Note by Foreign Office for Cabinet Africa (official) Committee, ‘Africa: The Next Ten Years. Talks with the Americans’, 12 October 1959.

16.
Ten per cent of post-war investment in Africa had flowed to the Federation,
The Economist
reported in December 1958.

17.
Welensky had been born in poverty in Southern Rhodesia but his career as a railwayman, trade unionist and politician had been built in Northern Rhodesia.

18.
The best account of the Emergency is now C. Baker,
State of Emergency: Crisis in Central Africa, Nyasaland 1959–1960
(1997); see also
J. Darwin
, ‘The Central African Emergency, 1959’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
21
(1993), 217–34.

19.
Baker,
Emergency
, pp. 153–68.

20.
The best biography of Macleod is R. Shepherd,
Iain Macleod
(1994).

21.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964
, Part 1, p. 413: ‘I do not believe that we should bow to expediency’ and release Kenyatta, he told Macmillan in April 1961.

22.
Ibid
., pp. 476–80: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Colonial Policy Committee, 12 November 1959.

23.
Ibid
., p. 479.

24.
Ibid
., p. 485: Macleod's Minute, 28 July 1960.

25.
Ibid
., p. 494: Macleod to Turnbull (Governor of Tanganyika), 11 February 1961.

26.
Ibid
., p. 497: Memo 27 February 1961.

27.
CO 822/2262, Draft Memo for Colonial Policy Committee, January 1960; Colonial Secretary to Officer Administering the Government, 12 February 1960.

28.
CO 822/2262: Minutes of Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee, 8 February 1960.

29.
CO 822/2263, Minute by F. D. Webber, 15 July 1960.

30.
CO 822/2264, Monson to Crawford (Governor of Uganda), 30 August 1961.

31.
CO 822/2264, Coutts to Monson, 24 January 1962.

32.
Shepherd,
Iain Macleod
, pp. 156–7.

33.
CO 822/1427, Webber to Renison (Governor of Kenya), 1 December 1959.

34.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964
, Part 1, p. 180: Macleod to Macmillan, 31 May 1960.

35.
CO 822/2235, Colonial Secretary to Governor of Kenya, 14 April 1961.

36.
CO 822/2241, Colonial Secretary to Governor of Kenya, 9 May 1961, 19 May 1961.

37.
The Times
, 12 June 1961: Report by Africa Correspondent.

38.
16 May 1961.

39.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam and Louis (eds.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1957–1964
, Part 1, p. 529: Memo by Colonial Secretary for Cabinet Colonial Policy Committee, 30 January 1962. A draft of this can be found in CO 822/2238.

40.
Ibid
., p. 531: Cabinet Memo by Colonial Secretary, 6 February 1962.

41.
Ibid
.

42.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: P. Murphy (ed.),
Central Africa, Part 1, Closer Association 1945–1958
(2005), p. 433: Note by B. Trend for Macmillan, 17 November 1958.

43.
Ibid
., Part 2,
Crisis and Dissolution 1959–1965
, p. 131: Macleod to Macmillan, 3 April 1960.

44.
The Nyasaland Emergency had been followed by those in Northern and Southern Rhodesia.

45.
Macmillan to Welensky, 17 April 1959. Quoted in
J. R. T. Wood
,
The Welensky Papers
(Durban, 1982), p. 665.

46.
Wood,
Welensky Papers
, p. 733.

47.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Murphy (ed.),
Central Africa
, Part 2, p. 93: Macleod's Minute to Macmillan, 3 December 1959.

48.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Murphy (ed.),
Central Africa
, Part 2, p. 182: Macleod's Minute to Macmillan, 29 November 1960.