The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (135 page)

134.
Fforde,
Bank of England
, p. 420.

135.
See draft dated 18 January 1952 in Sir Alister McIntosh Mss, Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, 6759/063.

136.
See Bell,
Sterling Area
, p. 382.

137.
National Archives of Australia, A 11099, 1/16, Cabinet Notebooks 1952: Cabinet of 3 June 1952.

138.
CAB 159/11, Joint Intelligence Committee (52) 2, 3 January 1952.

139.
FO 371/90119, British Middle East Office to Foreign Office, 17 November 1951.

140.
CAB 128/23, Cabinet (51) 20, 28 December 1951; (51) 21, 29 December 1951.

141.
CAB 129/48, Cabinet (51) 40, Memo by Foreign Secretary, 6 December 1951.

142.
Minute by Sir P. Dixon, 23 January 1952, FO 371/96920, in
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Kent,
Egypt
, Part 2, p. 320.

143.
Ibid
.

Chapter 13

1.
See
M. J. Daunton
,
Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914–1979
(Cambridge, 2001).

2.
E. Shuckburgh
,
Descent to Suez: Diaries 1951–56
(1987), p. 93. Shuckburgh was Eden's Private Secretary at the Foreign Office.

3.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: D. Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
(1994), Part 1,
International Relations
, pp. 344–8: ‘India and the Colonial Problem’, a note by R. C. Ormerod, Commonwealth Relations Office, 7 July 1955.

4.
See
G. Kahin
,
The Asian-African Conference at Bandung, Indonesia, April 1955
(Ithaca, NY, 1956).

5.
W. R. Louis
, ‘Public Enemy Number One: Britain and the United Nations in the Aftermath of Suez’, in
W. R. Louis
,
Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization
(2006).

6.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: A. J. Stockwell (ed.),
Malaya
, Part 2,
The Communist Insurrection 1948–1953
(1995), p. 330: Cabinet Memo by O. Lyttelton, 21 December 1951.

7.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
, Part 2,
Politics and Administration
, p. 188: Cabinet Conclusions, 12 February 1952.

8.
Ibid
., p. 203: Cabinet Memo by O. Lyttelton, 4 September 1953.

9.
See
M. Lynn
, ‘“We Cannot Let the North Down”: British Policy and Nigeria in the 1950s’, in
M. Lynn
(ed.),
The British Empire in the 1950s: Retreat or Revival
(2006), pp. 144–63.

10.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–
1957, Part 2, p. 247: Sir E. Baring to Lyttelton, 29 October 1953.

11.
See J. Darwin,
Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World
(1988), pp. 202–6.

12.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
, Part 2, p. 23: Memo by Lord Swinton, 16 June 1954.

13.
Ibid
., p. 30: Cabinet Memo by Lord Swinton, 11 October 1954.

14.
Ibid
., Part 1, p. 99: Note on ‘The Probable Development of the Commonwealth’, June 1956.

15.
Ibid
., p. 100.

16.
See K. Larres,
Churchill's Cold War
(2002).

17.
See
Fortune
, November 1952, ‘The Colonial Big Five’.

18.
See T. Shaw,
Eden, Suez and the Mass Media: Propaganda and Persuasion during the Suez Crisis
(1996), p. 197.

19.
S. Howe
,
Anti-Colonialism in British Politics 1918–1964: The Left and the End of Empire
(Oxford, 1993).

20.
See
S. Ward
,
Australia and the British Embrace: The Demise of the Imperial Ideal
(Melbourne, 2001), ch. 1. For the economic strains, see
D. Lee
, ‘Australia, the British Commonwealth and the United States, 1950–53’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
20
, 3 (1992), 445–69.

21.
J. Jupp
,
From White Australia to Woomera
(Cambridge, 2002), p. 12.

22.
See
Megan Hutchings
,
Long Journey for Sevenpence: Assisted Immigration to New Zealand from the United Kingdom, 1947–1975
(Wellington, 1999), pp. 45ff.

23.
A. McIntosh
to
C. Berendsen
, March 1949,
I. McGibbon
(ed.),
Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters between Carl Berendsen and Alister McIntosh 1943–1952
(Auckland, 1993), p. 177.

24.
Press Statement, 21 February 1952, Alister McIntosh Papers, Ms 6579/063, Alexander Turnbull Library.

25.
M. Templeton
,
Ties of Blood and Empire: New Zealand's Involvement in Middle East Defence and the Suez Crisis, 1947–1957
(Auckland, 1994), p. 183.

26.
Holland's notes on Suez Crisis and New Zealand policy, 6 November 1956. Alister McIntosh Papers Ms 6759/079. For the private reservations in the New Zealand cabinet, see R. Pfeiffer, ‘New Zealand and the Suez Crisis of 1956’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
, 21, 1 (1993), 126–52.

27.
See
Anna Green
,
British Capital, Antipodean Labour: Working the New Zealand Waterfront 1915–1951
(Dunedin, 2001), p. 16.

28.
‘The Boom That Made Canada’,
Fortune
, August 1952, p. 91.

29.
See
P. Buckner
, ‘The Long Goodbye: English Canadians and the British World’, in
P. Buckner
and
D. Francis
(eds.),
Rediscovering the British World
(Calgary, 2005), pp. 181–207. For Canada's increasing economic detachment, see
T. Rooth
, ‘Britain's Other Dollar Problem: Economic Relations with Canada 1945–50’,
Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
,
27
, 1 (1999), 81–108.

30.
See
R. Hyam
and
P. Henshaw
,
The Lion and the Springbok: Britain and South Africa since the Boer War
(Cambridge, 2003), ch. 10.

31.
See D. Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
(2006).

32.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
, Part 2, pp. 282–3: Cabinet Memo by Lord Ismay and O. Lyttelton, 9 November 1951.

33.
R. C. O. Matthews
,
C. H. Feinstein
and
J. Odling Smee
,
British Economic Growth 1856–1973
(Stanford, 1982), p. 128.

34.
R. Michie,
The City of London: Continuity and Change 1850–1990
(1992), p. 113.

35.
W. H. Branson
,
H. Giersch
and
P. G. Peterson
, ‘Trends in United States International Trade and Investment since World War II’, in
M. Feldstein
(ed.),
The American Economy in Transition
(1980), p. 184.

36.
See the briefing by Sir F. Brundrett, July 1956. Alister McIntosh Ms 6759/081, Alexander Turnbull Library.

37.
N. Tiratsoo and J. Tomlinson,
The Conservatives and Industrial Efficiency, 1951–1964: Thirteen Wasted Years?
(1998), pp. 155ff.

38.
See
S. Strange
,
Sterling and British Policy
(1971), pp. 4–5, for the definition of ‘master currency’, ‘top currency’ etc.

39.
S. N. Broadberry
,
The Productivity Race: British Manufacturing in International Perspective, 1850–1990
(Cambridge, 1997), pp. 94–6.

40.
The Economist
, 25 January 1958, p. 356.

41.
For the origins of ROBOT, see
J. Fforde
,
The Bank of England and Public Policy 1941–1958
(Cambridge, 1992), ch. 6.

42.
Ibid
., pp. 442–3.

43.
For Eden's hostile reaction, see Shuckburgh,
Descent to Suez
, pp. 36–8.

44.
For an authoritative account of the approach to convertibility, see Fforde,
Bank of England
, pp. 585–605.

45.
The Economist
, 3 January 1959, p. 12.

46.
Broadberry,
Productivity Race
, pp. 94–6.

47.
See
J. Black
, ‘The Volumes and Prices of British Exports’, in
G. N. Worswick
and
P. Ady
(eds.),
The British Economy in the 1950s
(Oxford, 1962), pp. 129–30.

48.
See
G. C. Peden
,
The Treasury and British Public Policy 1906–1959
(Oxford, 2000), p. 450.

49.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Goldsworthy (ed.),
The Conservative Government and the End of Empire 1951–1957
, Part 3,
Economic and Social Policies
, p. 122.

50.
Ibid
.

51.
Ibid
., p. 126: Cabinet Conclusions, 14 September 1956.

52.
Ibid
., p. 128.

53.
Ibid
., p. 131.

54.
Ibid
., p. 134: Joint Cabinet Memo, 6 November 1956.

55.
For a critical view, see
The Economist
, 13 September 1958, p. 815: ‘Which Gospel at Montreal?’.

56.
Cmnd. 827 (1959),
Report of the Committee on the Working of the Monetary System
, p. 657.

57.
Ibid
., p. 739.

58.
Broadberry,
Productivity Race
, pp. 393ff.

59.
For this view, see
The Economist
, 13 February 1960, p. 642.

60.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: J. Kent (ed.),
Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East
, Part 2,
1949–1953
(1998): Memo by Chiefs of Staff, ‘Defence Policy and Global Strategy’, 17 June 1952.

61.
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Kent (ed.),
Middle East
, Part 2, pp. 538–9: Cabinet Memo by Anthony Eden, 14 January 1953, annex.

62.
Ibid
., pp. 346–8: Sir R. Stevenson to Eden, 25 February 1952.

63.
Ibid
.

64.
Ibid
., pp. 355–6: Eden's Minute to Churchill, 10 March 1952.

65.
Ibid
., p. 387: Memo by R. Allen, 1 May 1952.

66.
No hint of the coup had reached British intelligence, noted the Joint Intelligence Committee. See CAB 159/12: JIC (52) 83, 30 July 1952.

67.
FO 371/102796: Minute by R. Allen, 14 February 1953.