The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (134 page)

55.
Attlee's views can be traced in his memoranda on ‘The Future of the Italian Colonies’, 1 September 1945 and 2 March 1946; his letter to Bevin, 1 December 1946, and his minute to Bevin on ‘Near Eastern Policy’, 5 January 1947; all in R. Hyam (ed.),
British Documents on the End of Empire: The Labour Government and the End of Empire 1945–1951
, Part III,
Strategy, Politics and Constitutional Change
(1992), pp. 207–8, 213–15, 221–2, 223–6.

56.
Minute by Bevin to Attlee, 9 January 1947. Hyam,
Labour Government
, Part III, p. 228.

57.
Of the huge literature on the end of the Raj, the best survey is
R. J. Moore
,
Escape from Empire: The Attlee Government and the Indian Problem
(Oxford, 1983).

58.
CAB 128/5, Cabinet 73(46) 25 July 1946.

59.
M. J. Cohen
,
Palestine and the Great Powers 1945–1948
(Princeton, 1982), is the standard account of the British withdrawal.

60.
Fforde,
Bank of England
, pp. 101–2.

61.
A. P. Dobson,
The Politics of the Anglo-American Special Economic Relationship, 1940–1987
(1988), pp. 109–13.

62.
Canadian High Commissioner, London to Secretary of State for External Affairs, 8 April 1946.
D. M. Page
(ed.),
Documents on Canadian External Relations
, vol.
12
(1946) (Ottawa, 1977), p. 1242.

63.
See J. Darwin,
Britain and Decolonization: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World
(1988), pp. 94–5.

64.
P. Williams (ed.),
The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell
(1983), p. 54 (30 January 1948).

65.
Bevin's Cabinet Memo, 19 October 1949. Hyam,
Labour Government
, Part 3, p. 382.

66.
CAB 129/28, CP (48) 171, Memo by A. Creech Jones, 1 July 1948.

67.
See
British Documents on the End of Empire
: J. Kent (ed.),
Egypt and the Defence of the Middle East
, 3 vols. (1998), ‘Introduction’, pp. liv–lv.

68.
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Alister McIntosh Papers, MS 6759/050: Attlee to Fraser, 14 January 1948.

69.
PREM 8/950: Sir N. Brook, Draft Report on Proceedings of Official Committee on Commonwealth Relations, 24 March 1948.

70.
CAB 131/5, Cabinet Defence Committee, DO 19 (48), 18 September 1948.

71.
G. C. Peden
,
The Treasury and Public Policy 1906–1959
(Oxford, 2000), p. 407.

72.
CAB 129/29, CP (48) 206, Prime Minister's Memo, 24 August 1948.

73.
S. Constantine
, ‘Migrants and Settlers’, in
W. R. Louis
and
J. M. Brown
(eds.),
The Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century
(Oxford, 1999), p. 186.

74.
P. W. Bell
,
The Sterling Area in the Post-War World
(Oxford, 1956), p. 316–17.

75.
R. Hyam
and
P. Henshaw
,
The Lion and the Springbok
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 135–6.

76.
Peden,
Treasury
, p. 392.

77.
See
J. Tomlinson
, ‘The Attlee Government and the Balance of Payments, 1945–1951’,
Journal of Twentieth Century British History
,
2
, 1 (1991), 59.

78.
J. Fred Rippy
, ‘Point Four Background: A Decade of Income from British Overseas Investment’,
Journal of Business of the University of Chicago
,
26
, 4 (1953), 231–7.

79.
HC Deb., 5th series, vol. 450, col. 1318.

80.
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Alister McIntosh Papers MS 6759/050, Prime Minister to Berendsen, Secret and Personal Telegram, 4 October 1947.

81.
W. Reynolds
,
Australia's Bid for the Atomic Bomb
(Carlton, Vic., 2000), p. 47.

82.
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Chifley to Attlee, 22 January 1948, copy in Alister McIntosh MS 6759/050.

83.
Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, Alister McIntosh Papers MS 6759/050: Report on Visit to Australia in Memo by McIntosh for Prime Minister Fraser, 1 March 1948.

84.
I. McGibbon
(ed.),
Undiplomatic Dialogue: Letters between Carl Berendsen and Alister McIntosh 1943–1957
(Auckland, 1993), p. 174.

85.
It was approved by 568,427 to 160,998.

86.
New Zealand Parliamentary Debates
, vol. 277, p. 595 (21 August 1947).

87.
A. W. Martin
,
Robert Menzies: A Life
(Melbourne, 1993), vol. I, p. 166, quoting Menzies in 1935.

88.
Martin,
Menzies
(Melbourne 1999), vol. II, p. 95.

89.
See
B. MacFarlane
, ‘Australian Post-War Economic Policy 1947–1953’, in
A. Curthoys
and
J. Merritt
(eds.),
Australia's First Cold War 1945–1953
(1984), p. 41.

90.
Martin,
Menzies
, vol. II, p. 222.

91.
The commitment was eventually approved by the Australian cabinet in December 1951. See
H. Donohue
,
From Empire Defence to Long Haul: Post-War Defence and its Impact on Naval Force Structure and Planning 1945–1955
(Canberra, 1996), p. 111.

92.
See
D. Lowe
,
Menzies and the ‘Great World Struggle’: Australia's Cold War 1948–1954
(Sydney, 1999), p. 96.

93.
G. P. Grant
,
The Empire, Yes or No
(Toronto, 1945).

94.
National Archives of Canada. Brooke Claxton MS Mic. H-1422:
St Catherine's Standard
, 12 March 1948.

95.
See
P. Buckner
, ‘The Long Goodbye: English Canadians and the British World’, in
P. Buckner
and
R. D. Francis
(eds.),
Rediscovering the British World
(Calgary, 2005), pp. 181–207.

96.
National Archives of Canada, Mackenzie King MS C-11051: Mackenzie King to St Laurent, 3 October 1948.

97.
J. Hilliker
(ed.),
Documents on Canadian External Relations
, vol. 11 (Ottawa. 1990), pp. 1262–7: Memo by Senior Canadian Army Member, Permanent Joint Board of Defence, 2 August 1945.

98.
B. W. Muirhead
,
The Development of Post-War Canadian Trade Policy
(Montreal and Kingston, 1992), pp. 183–6.

99.
Muirhead,
Trade Policy
, p. 43.

100.
See Canadian High Commissioner in London to Secretary of State for External Affairs, 14 November 1949,
H. Mackenzie
(ed.),
Documents on Canadian External Relations
, vol.
15
(Ottawa, 1995), pp. 1318–20.

101.
For two contemporary estimates, see
Tom MacDonald
,
Jan Hofmeyr: Heir to Smuts
(Cape Town, 1948);
A. Keppel-Jones
,
When Smuts Goes
(Cape Town, 1947).

102.
See note 75 above.

103.
DO 121/75, Memo, ‘The Commonwealth Relationship: Constitutional Questions’, February 1949, containing Congress Party Resolution, 16 December 1948.

104.
PREM 8/950, Fifth Report of Official Committee, January 1949.

105.
PREM 8/950, Report by Sir N. Brook on Consultations with Canada, Australia and New Zealand, 14 September 1948.

106.
PREM 8/950, Cabinet Committee on Commonwealth Relations, 2nd Conclusions, 8 February 1949.

107.
Ibid
.

108.
PREM 8/950, Listowel (Wellington) to Commonwealth Relations Office, 22 March 1949.

109.
PREM 8/950, Attlee to Nehru, Top Secret and Personal, 20 March 1949.

110.
PREM 8/950, Note by Sir N. Brook, 22 April 1949.

111.
CAB 129/35, CP (49) 141, 21 June 1949, ‘The Commonwealth Relationship: Republicanism in South Africa’: Evelyn Baring to P. Noel-Baker, 7 June 1949.

112.
PREM 8/950, Commonwealth Prime Ministers Meeting, 27 April 1949.

113.
See
M. Bassett
and
M. King
,
Tomorrow Comes the Song: A Life of Peter Fraser
(Auckland, 2000), p. 325.

114.
For Attlee's note on Commonwealth nomenclature, 30 December 1948, see Hyam,
Labour Government
, Part 4, pp. 178–80.

115.
See
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Kent,
Egypt
, vol. I, p. 289: Bevin to Alexander, 13 September 1948.

116.
FO 371/73465, Sir W. Strang to E. A. Chapman-Andrews (Cairo), 21 September 1949.

117.
FO 371/73464, Minute by G. Clutton, 24 June 1949.

118.
FO 371/69274: Note on ‘Operation Bystander’, by Colonel Jenkins, 14 July 1948.

119.
CAB 131/9, DO (50) 40, Cabinet Defence Committee, 19 May 1950, Appendix 1.

120.
CAB 131/11, DO (51) 12, 17 February 1951, Chiefs of Staff Memo, 17 February 1951.

121.
The Times
, 29 September 1950.

122.
See e.g. CAB 129/36, CP (49) 176, Memo by Minister of Fuel and Power, 18 August 1949.

123.
See
Z. Mikdashi
,
A Financial Analysis of Middle Eastern Oil Concessions 1901–1965
(New York, 1966), p. 110. Compare the figure of £36 million in tax in
J. Bamberg
,
History of the British Petroleum Company, vol. II, The Anglo-Iranian Years 1928–1954
(Cambridge, 1994), p. 325. The difference refers to the percentage of revenue attributable to the company's Iranian operations.

124.
E. Abrahamian
,
Iran Between Two Revolutions
(Princeton, 1982), ch. 5.

125.
W. R. Louis
,
The British Empire and the Middle East 1945–1951
(Oxford, 1984), p. 666.

126.
Louis,
Middle East
, p. 688.

127.
See Circular Dispatch from Secretary of State for the Colonies to the African Governors, 25 February 1947, in
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam,
Labour Government
, Part I, pp. 119–29.

128.
Governor Arden-Clarke to A. B. Cohen, 5 March 1951,
British Documents on the End of Empire
: Hyam,
Labour Government
, Part III, p. 65. For the motives behind constitutional change, see Cabinet Memo by A. Creech-Jones, 8 October 1949,
ibid
., p. 47.

129.
See D. Anderson,
Histories of the Hanged
(2005), ch. 1.

130.
See
T. N. Harper
,
The End of Empire and the Making of Malaya
(Cambridge, 1999). chs. 2, 3, 4, offer a brilliant analysis.

131.
CAB 129/26, CP (48) 91: Memo by P. Gordon Walker, March 1948.

132.
National Archives of Australia, A4933, OCR, Chancellor of Exchequer to Treasurer, 15 January 1951, enclosed in 24th Report of Inter-departmental Dollar Committee.

133.
The Times
, 2 March 1951.