The Fiery Trial (68 page)

45.
Daniel A. Payne,
Recollections of Seventy Years
(Nashville, 1888), 146–48;
African Repository
, 38 (August 1862), 243. This is one of those rare letters by Lincoln that has almost never been quoted or cited. As far as I can ascertain, it is not included in any edition of his writings and the only book to have quoted it is Gregory U. Rigsby,
Alexander Crummell: Pioneer in Nineteenth-Century Pan-African Thought
(New York, 1987), 117–18.

46.
CW
, 5: 370–75;
New York Times
, August 15, 1862. James Oakes calls the meeting “a low point in his presidency.” James Oakes,
The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics
(New York, 2007), 194.

47.
Edward M. Thomas to Lincoln, August 12, 1862, ALP; John Bigelow,
Retrospections of an Active Life
(5 vols.; New York, 1909–13), 1: 546;
CP
, 1: 362;
Douglass’ Monthly
, 5 (October 1862), 722–23;
Christian Recorder
, September 27, 1862;
New York Times
, October 3, 1862; C. Peter Ripley et al., eds.,
The Black Abolitionist Papers
(5 vols.; Chapel Hill, 1985–93), 5: 152.

48.
Douglass’ Monthly
, 5 (September 1862), 705–7; Philip S. Foner, ed.,
The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
(5 vols.; New York, 1950–73), 4: 313.

49.
London Daily News
in
Christian Recorder
, November 1, 1862;
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, August 20, 1862; Neely, “Colonization,” 49–51; V. Jacque Voegeli,
Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro during the Civil War
(Chicago, 1967), 34;
Chicago Tribune
, August 22, 1862.

50.
New York Tribune
, August 26 and September 15, 1862; Caleb B. Smith to Samuel C. Pomeroy, September 12, 1862, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 945;
Boston Daily Advertiser
, August 26 and 27, 1862;
New York Times
, August 30, September 13, and October 9, 1862;
San Francisco Evening Bulletin
, September 26, 1862; 39th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 55, 13–16; Duane Mowry, ed., “Negro Colonization: From Doolittle Correspondence,”
Publications of the Southern Historical Association
, 9 (November 1905), 402;
Baltimore Sun
, November 5, 1862.

51.
CP
, 1: 358;
New York Evening Post
, September 7, 1862;
Chicago Tribune
, August 29, 1862; William Salter,
The Life of James W. Grimes
(New York, 1876), 215; Rachel S. Thorndike, ed.,
The Sherman Letters
(New York, 1894), 156–57; Benjamin Bannan to Lincoln, July 24, 1862; James W. White et al. to Lincoln, July 24, 1862, both in ALP.

52.
Leonard Bacon,
Conciliation
(New Haven, 1862), 18–19; J. K. W. Levane and A. M. Milligan to Lincoln (1862); Petition from Washington County, Pennsylvania, August 28, 1862; Indiana Methodist Convention to Lincoln, September 12, 1862, all in ALP; Richard Carwardine, “Whatever Shall Appear to Be God’s Will I Will Do: The Chicago Initiative and Lincoln’s Proclamation,” in Blair and Younger,
Lincoln’s Proclamation
, 75–101;
CW
, 5: 420–25.

53.
New York Tribune
, August 20, 1862; Douglas L. Wilson,
Lincoln’s Sword: The Presidency and the Power of Words
(New York, 2006), 148;
CW
, 5: 388–89.

54.
Harper’s Weekly
, August 20, 1862; Timothy O. Howe to Lincoln, August 25, 1862, ALP; Wendell Phillips to Sydney Howard Gay, September 2, 1862, GP; Gay to Lincoln (August 1862), ALP; David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York, 1995), 368;
Springfield Weekly Republican
, September 27, 1862.

55.
James M. McPherson,
Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era
(New York, 1988), 492;
CW
, 5: 356–57, 423; Jonathan Brigham,
James Harlan
(Iowa City, 1913), 172; James G. Smart, ed.,
A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865
(2 vols.; Memphis, 1976), 2: 74–75.

56.
Gary Zellar, “The First Indian Home Guard and the Civil War on the Border and the Indian Expedition of 1862” (unpub. paper, American Historical Association annual meeting, 2010).

57.
Berry,
Military Necessity
, 39–47;
Private and Official Correspondence
, 2: 125–27, 131–35, 164, 192, 207, 270; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, July 24, 1862, GP;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 672;
OR
, ser. 1, 14: 377; Henry Wilson,
History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America
(3 vols.; Boston, 1872–77), 3: 370.

58.
Chicago Tribune
, August 27, 1862;
CP
, 1: 393–94;
WD
, 1: 142–43.

59.
CW
, 5: 433–36; Bennett,
Forced into Glory
, 504.

60.
Mordell,
Civil War and Reconstruction
, 248–49; T. J. Barnett to Samuel L. M. Barlow, September 15, and October 6, 1862, Samuel L. M. Barlow Papers, HL;
Harper’s Weekly
, October 4, 1862;
Springfield Weekly Republican
, September 27, 1862.

61.
Pacific Appeal
, September 27, 1862;
New York Tribune
, September 24, 1862;
OR
, ser. 1, 16, pt. 2: 909–11; Herbert Mitgang, ed.,
Abraham Lincoln: A Press Portrait
(Chicago, 1971), 313; Norma L. Peterson,
Freedom and Franchise: The Political Career of B. Gratz Brown
(Columbia, Mo., 1965), 109–19; Benjamin Gratz Brown to Lincoln, September 27, 1862, ALP.

62.
William H. Egle,
Life and Times of Andrew Gregg Curtin
(Philadelphia, 1895), 50–51, 138–40; Ira Harris to Lincoln, October 2, 1862; Charles Parker to Lincoln, September 28, 1862, both in ALP;
Independent
, September 25, 1862; Milton Meltzer and Patricia G. Holland, eds.,
Lydia Maria Child: Selected Letters, 1817–1880
(Amherst, Mass., 1982), 419; Benjamin F. Wade to George W. Julian, September 29, 1862, Giddings-Julian Papers, LC;
Chicago Tribune
, September 24, 1862;
Douglass’ Monthly
, 5 (October 1862), 721–22;
CW
, 5: 444.

63.
Springfield Weekly Republican
, September 27, 1862;
WD
, 1: 150–52, 158–59; Howard K. Beale, ed.,
The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–1866
(Washington, D.C., 1933), 262–63;
CP
, 1: 399, 402.

64.
WD
, 1: 123; Beverly W. Palmer and Holly B. Ochoa, eds.,
The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens
(2 vols.; Pittsburgh, 1997), 1: 319–20; Stephen J. Randall,
Colombia and the United States: Hegemony and Interdependence
(Athens, Ga., 1992), 47–49; Joseph Henry to Frederick W. Seward, September 5, 1862; Unknown to Joseph Henry, September 5, 1862, both in ALP;
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States
, 883–84, 889, 893, 904;
New York Times
, October 9, 1862.

65.
Seward,
Seward at Washington
, 2: 227;
The Works of Charles Sumner
(15 vols.; Boston, 1870–83), 5: 498;
Christian Recorder
, September 14, 1861; Gaillard Hunt,
Israel, Elihu and Cadwallader Washburn: A Chapter in American Biography
(New York, 1925), 116.

66.
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States
, 202–4, 909–10; Mitchell,
Report on Colonization
, 16–19; J. P. Usher to George Edwards, October 7, 1862; Caleb B. Smith to Samuel G. Howe, October 24, 1862, both in Letters Sent, September 8, 1858-February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA; Roy F. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 1832–1865
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1974), 112.

67.
William Dusinberre,
Civil War Issues in Philadelphia, 1856–1865
(Philadelphia, 1965), 137–47; Mary K. George,
Zachariah Chandler: A Political Biography
(East Lansing, 1969), 94–95;
New York Times
, October 7, 1862; Voegeli,
Free but Not Equal
, 58; John Cochrane to Lincoln, November 5, 1862; David D. Field to Lincoln, November 8, 1862, both in ALP; Cornelius Cole,
Memoirs of Cornelius Cole
(New York, 1908), 158; Henry G. Pearson,
James Wadsworth of Genesco
(New York, 1913), 156; Joel H. Silbey,
A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era, 1860–1868
(New York, 1977), 85–86; Bruce Tap, “Race, Rhetoric, and Emancipation: The Election of 1862 in Illinois,”
CWH
, 39 (June 1993), 101–25; Patience Essah,
A House Divided: Slavery and Emancipation in Delaware, 1638–1865
(Charlottesville, 1996), 176.

68.
Washington Daily Morning Chronicle
, November 17, 1862; Allen C. Guelzo,
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America
(New York, 2004), 80–81; John Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
(New York, 1907), 1–15;
Private and Official Correspondence
, 2: 447–50, 475;
Methodist
, in
Easton Gazette
(Maryland), August 23, 1862.

69.
Edward Bates to Francis Lieber, October 21 and November 22, 1862; Lieber to Bates, November 25, 1862, all in Francis Lieber Papers, HL;
Official Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States
(12 vols.; Washington, D.C., 1852–70), 10: 382–413; James P. McClure et al., eds., “Circumventing the Dred Scott Decision: Edward Bates, Salmon P. Chase, and the Citizenship of African Americans,”
CWH
, 43 (December 1997), 279–309;
CP
, 1: 387; Rebecca J. Scott, “Public Rights, Social Equality, and the Conceptual Roots of the
Plessy
Challenge,”
Michigan Law Review
, 106 (March 2008), 791;
New York Times
, December 12, 1862;
New York Tribune
, December 26, 1862.

70.
David Davis to Leonard Swett, November 26, 1862, David Davis Papers, ALPLM;
CG
, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, appendix, 39.

71.
CW
, 5: 518–37; “Editor’s Table,”
Continental Monthly
, 3 (January 1863), 126.

72.
Henry F. Brownson, ed.,
The Works of Orestes A. Brownson
(20 vols.; Detroit, 1882–87), 17: 404–5; Smart,
Radical View
, 2: 187; Smith,
Life and Letters of James A. Garfield
, 1: 262–63;
CP
, 3: 320; Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, December 2, 1862, GP.

73.
Robert F. Horowitz,
The Great Impeacher: A Political Biography of James M. Ashley
(New York, 1979), 84;
CW
, 5: 434, 462–63, 470–71, 500, 505.

74.
CG
, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, 1016; Herman Belz,
Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy during the Civil War
(Ithaca, 1969), 100–15; John Cimprich,
Slavery’s End in Tennessee, 1861–1865
(Tuscaloosa, Ala., 1985), 100–101; Brooks D. Simpson,
Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868
(Chapel Hill, 1991), 30; Graf and Haskins,
Papers of Andrew Johnson
, 6: 85–86;
CW
, 6: 26, 186–87; Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold M. Hyman,
Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War
(New York, 1962), 243.

75.
Charles H. Ambler,
Francis H. Pierpont
(Chapel Hill, 1937), 162–202; Forrest Talbot, “Some Legislative and Legal Aspects of the Negro Question in West Virginia during the Civil War, Part I,”
West Virginia History
, 23 (April 1963), 8;
CG
, 37th Congress, 2nd Session, 3308; 3rd Session, 59.

76.
CG
, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, 50; William H. Seward to Lincoln, December 26, 1862; Edwin M. Stanton to Lincoln, December 26, 1862; Edward Bates to Lincoln, December 27, 1862, all in ALP;
WD
, 1: 208–9;
CW
, 6: 27–28; Ambler,
Francis H. Pierpont
, 202.

77.
CW
, 6: 41; Benjamin Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro
(New York, 1962), 112; Mitchell,
Report on Colonization
, 21–22;
To His Excellency, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States
, broadside, October 1, 1862, ALP; Beale,
Diary of Edward Bates
, 268; Laas,
Wartime Washington
, 223.