The Fiery Trial (71 page)

73.
McCrary,
Abraham Lincoln and Reconstruction
, 245–53; Taylor,
Louisiana Reconstructed
, 46; Nathaniel P. Banks to John Hay, March 28, 1864; Banks to Lincoln, July 25, 1864, both in ALP.

74.
CW
, 7: 486; 8: 106–7.

75.
New York Times
, January 3, 1863.

76.
William H. Kimball, “Our Government and the Blacks,”
Continental Monthly
, 5 (April 1864), 433–44;
Philadelphia Inquirer
, February 10, 1864.

77.
John G. Sproat, “Blueprint for Radical Reconstruction,”
JSH
, 23 (February 1957), 34–40;
OR
, ser. 3, 4: 382; James McKaye,
The Mastership and Its Fruits: The Emancipated Slave Face to Face with His Old Master
(New York, 1864), 35–37.

78.
Works of Charles Sumner
, 8: 480–81.

79.
Willie Lee Rose,
Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment
(Indianapolis, 1964); Cecil B. Ely Jr., ed.,
A Virginia Yankee in the Civil War
(Chapel Hill, 1961), 148–50; William F. Messner,
Freedmen and the Ideology of Free Labor: Louisiana, 1862–1865
(Lafayette, La., 1978), 21–39; James D. Schmidt,
Free to Work: Labor Law, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, 1815–1880
(Athens, Ga., 1998), 95–97;
CP
, 3: 416.

80.
Steven J. Ross, “Freed Soil, Freed Labor, Freed Men: John Eaton and the Davis Bend Experiment,”
JSH
, 44 (May 1978), 215–17; Louis S. Gerteis,
From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865
(Westport, Conn., 1973), 123–26.

81.
Berlin et al.,
Freedom
, ser. 1, 3: 492–510, 757–62; McKaye,
Mastership
, 24; Gerteis,
From Contraband to Freedman
, 127–32.

82.
Schmidt,
Free to Work
, 103–4;
CW
, 7: 212; Ronald F. Davis,
Good and Faithful Labor: From Slavery to Sharecropping in the Natchez District, 1860–1890
(Westport, Conn., 1982), 64–73; Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
, 163.

83.
Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
, 88–91; Simon,
Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
, 8: 343–44; Edward L. Pierce,
Emancipation and Citizenship
(Boston, 1898), 87; John Eaton to Lincoln, July 18, 1863, ALP.

84.
CW
, 6: 453–57; 7: 98–99;
CP
, 3: 352; 4: 227–28, 259–60, 292–93;
Washington Daily Morning Chronicle
, January 19, 1864;
Weekly Anglo-African
, August 27, 1864; Rose,
Rehearsal
, 272–96.

85.
New York Times
, February 23, 1864;
CW
, 7: 54.

86.
CW
, 7: 145.

87.
CW
, 7: 185, 218;
New York Times
, July 10, 1864, and July 10, 1891; Daniel E. Sickles to Lincoln, May 31, 1864, ALP; Edcumb Pinchon,
Dan Sickles
(Garden City, N.Y., 1945), 208; Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
, 172–73.

88.
New York Times
, February 25, 1864.

9
“A Fitting, and Necessary Conclusion”

1.
New York Times
, December 12, 1862; Leonard Marsh,
On the Relations of Slavery to the War
(n.p., 1861), 6.

2.
Henry Everett Russell, “Reconstruction,”
Continental Monthly
, 4 (December 1863), 684; Michael Burlingame and John R. Ettlinger, eds.,
Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay
(Carbondale, Ill., 1997), 124;
Weekly Anglo-African
, September 23, 1863;
Liberator
, January 1, 1864; Sarah F. Hughes, ed.,
Letters (Supplementary) of John Murray Forbes
(3 vols.; Boston, 1905), 2: 195.

3.
Walter M. Merrill, ed.,
The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison
(6 vols.; Cambridge, Mass., 1971–81), 5: 170–71; Julie Roy Jeffrey,
The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement
(Chapel Hill, 1998), 214–16; David Herbert Donald,
Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
(New York, 1970), 148;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 536; Charles F. Fletcher to Lincoln, March 10, 1864, ALP.

4.
Isaac N. Arnold to Lincoln, December 4, 1863, ALP; Donald,
Charles Sumner
, 149–50;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1483–89; David E. Kyvig,
Explicit and Authentic Acts: Amending the U.S. Constitution, 1776–1995
(Lawrence, Kans., 1996), 159.

5.
Michael Vorenberg,
Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment
(New York, 2001), 36–49, 91;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 17, 513, 1313–14; John D. Defrees to Lincoln, February 7, 1864, ALP;
CW
, 7: 172–73.

6.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 761, 1419–24; Vorenberg,
Final Freedom
, 74–77.

7.
Vorenberg,
Final Freedom
, 99–100;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1484, 2962; Lea S. VanderVelde, “The Labor Vision of the Thirteenth Amendment,”
University of Pennsylvania Law Review
, 138 (December 1989), 439.

8.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1439–40, 1465, 2989–90; VanderVelde, “Labor Vision of the Thirteenth Amendment,” 473–74; Vorenberg,
Final Freedom
, 132.

9.
Dorothy Ross, “Lincoln and the Ethics of Emancipation: Universalism, Nationalism, Exceptionalism,”
JAH
, 96 (September 2009), 397;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 523;
Chicago Tribune
, November 14, 1864; Alexander Tsesis,
The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom
(New York, 2004), 40–45; James D. Schmidt,
Free to Work: Labor Law, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, 1815–1880
(Athens, Ga., 1998), 114–17.

10.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 1490, 2995;
New York Herald
, April 9, 1864;
New York Times
, June 17, 1864.

11.
Patrick W. Riddleberger,
George Washington Julian: Radical Republican
(Indianapolis, 1966), 188–94; George W. Julian,
Speeches on Political Questions
(New York, 1872), 221–26;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 513, 3327;
Chicago Tribune
, January 28, 1864; James M. McPherson,
The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction
(Princeton, 1964), 247–56.

12.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 19, 709, 740, 2972; Beverly W. Palmer, ed.,
The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
(2 vols.; Boston, 1990), 2: 238; Heather C. Richardson,
The Greatest Nation of the Earth: Republican Economic Policies during the Civil War
(Cambridge, Mass., 1997), 230–36.

13.
Allan G. Bogue,
The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate
(Ithaca, 1981), 189; Edward McPherson,
The Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion
(2nd ed.; Washington, D.C., 1865), 242–43; Donald,
Charles Sumner
, 153–61; Palmer,
Selected Letters of Charles Sumner
, 2: 247, 253.

14.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 554, 1639, 1652, 1705, 1844, 2351, 2386; Henry J. Raymond to James R. Doolittle, April 30, 1864, James R. Doolittle Papers, LC.

15.
Lyman Trumbull to H. G. McPike (draft), February 6, 1864, LTP;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 439; appendix, 64.

16.
Theodore Clarke Smith,
The Life and Letters of James A. Garfield
(2 vols.; New Haven, 1925), 1: 375;
New York Times
, December 23, 1863;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 114, 1197; Hans L. Trefousse, “Owen Lovejoy and Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War,”
JALA
, 22 (Winter 2001), 15–32;
Springfield Weekly Republican
, June 11, 1864.

17.
Philip S. Paludan,
The Presidency of Abraham Lincoln
(Lawrence, Kans., 1994), 268–69.

18.
CW
, 7: 281–82.

19.
Benjamin B. French to Lincoln, May 5, 1864, ALP; Vorenberg,
Final Freedom
, 116–19; Charles B. Flood,
1864: Lincoln at the Gates of History
(New York, 2009), 107; McPherson,
Political History
, 410–14.

20.
McPherson,
Political History
, 412–13;
New York Tribune
, June 1, 1864; Irving H. Bartlett, ed., “New Light on Wendell Phillips: The Community of Reform,”
Perspectives in American History
, 12 (1979), 175.

21.
Chicago Tribune
, June 1, 1864;
Harper’s Weekly
, June 18, 1864; Donald,
Charles Sumner
, 163; David E. Long,
The Jewel of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln’s Re-election and the End of Slavery
(Mechanicsburg, Pa., 1994), 182; Hans L. Trefousse,
Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian
(Chapel Hill, 1997), 147.

22.
Vorenberg,
Final Freedom
, 123–26;
Independent
, June 16, 1864;
Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions
(Minneapolis, 1893), 176–77, 225–26;
CW
, 7: 380.

23.
James G. Smart, ed.,
A Radical View: The “Agate” Dispatches of Whitelaw Reid, 1861–1865
(2 vols.; Memphis, 1976), 2: 166; William E. Parrish,
Turbulent Partnership: Missouri and the Union, 1861–1865
(Columbia, Mo., 1963), 186; Charles Hamlin to Sally Hamlin, June 9, 1864, Hannibal Hamlin Papers, University of Maine;
Proceedings of the First Three Republican National Conventions
, 177–78, 191, 203–22.

24.
David Herbert Donald,
Lincoln
(New York, 1995), 505–6; Lincoln endorsement on John G. Nicolay to John Hay, June 5, 1864, ALP; Michael Burlingame, ed.,
An Oral History of Abraham Lincoln: John G. Nicolay’s Interviews and Essays
(Carbondale, Ill., 1996), 68; H. Draper Hunt,
Hannibal Hamlin of Maine: Lincoln’s First Vice-President
(Syracuse, 1969), 179–89; Smart,
Radical View
, 2: 171–72.

25.
Chicago Tribune
, February 24 and June 10, 1864; Douglas L. Wilson and Rodney O. Davis, eds.,
Herndon’s Informants
(Urbana, Ill., 1998), 315.

26.
Merrill,
Letters of William Lloyd Garrison
, 5: 207–8, 212;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 3368;
CW
, 7: 418.

27.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 2108, 3449; Herman Belz,
Reconstructing the Union: Theory and Policy during the Civil War
(Ithaca, 1969), 198–221; Michael Les Benedict,
A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863–1869
(New York, 1974), 79–81.

28.
Burlingame and Ettlinger,
Inside Lincoln’s White House
, 217–18; Belz,
Reconstructing the Union
, 226–27;
CW
, 7: 433–34; Harold M. Hyman, ed.,
The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870
(Indianapolis, 1967), 144–46;
Harper’s Weekly
, August 20, 1864; Hans L. Trefousse,
Benjamin Franklin Wade: Radical Republican from Ohio
(New York, 1963), 220–24; Benedict,
Compromise
, 74–76.

29.
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 2104;
WD
, 2: 98.

30.
Flood,
1864
, 99–116, 247; William Lee Miller,
President Lincoln: The Duty of a Statesman
(New York, 2008), 373.

31.
Harper’s Weekly
, May 28, 1864; Martin F. Conway to Lincoln, July 22, 1864, ALP.

32.
William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Last Months
(Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 107; James F. Jaquess to James A. Garfield, May 19, 1863, ALP;
CW
, 6: 330–31.

33.
Horace Greeley to Lincoln, July 7 and 13, 1864, ALP;
CW
, 7: 451; Edward C. Kirkland,
The Peacemakers of 1864
(New York, 1927), 65–84.