The Fiery Trial (69 page)

78.
Guelzo,
Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation
, 182; Harold Holzer et al.,
The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views
(Baton Rouge, 2006), x; Carpenter,
Inner Life
, 269; Seward,
Seward at Washington
, 2: 151.

79.
CW
, 6: 24–31.

80.
Bennett,
Forced into Glory
, 525–26.
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine
provided estimates of the number of slaves freed by the proclamation.
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine
, 26 (February 1863), 411.

81.
Benjamin R. Curtis,
Executive Power
(Boston, 1862); William Whiting,
The War Powers of the President, and the Legislative Powers of Congress in Relation to Rebellion, Treason and Slavery
(2nd ed.; Boston, 1862), i–v, 30, 66–68, 82.

82.
Burlingame,
Abraham Lincoln: A Life
, 2: 362;
Memoir of the Hon. William Whiting
(Boston, 1874), 6–7; John Murray Forbes to Charles Sumner, December 27, 1862, ALP; Brian Dirck, “Abraham Lincoln, Emancipation, and the Supreme Court,” in Brian Dirck, ed.,
Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race
(DeKalb, Ill., 2007), 99–116;
New York Times
, December 31, 1862;
CW
, 6: 429.

83.
CW
, 6: 25; Graf and Haskins,
Papers of Andrew Johnson
, 6: 85–86; Arnold,
History of Abraham Lincoln
, 303.

84.
Harper’s Weekly
, January 10, 1862;
Baltimore Sun
, January 5, 1862; Harris,
With Charity for All
, 69–70; William C. Harris,
Lincoln’s Last Months
(Cambridge, Mass., 2004), 126; John Murray Forbes to Charles Sumner, December 27, 1862, ALP.

85.
New York Times
, January 3, 1863.

86.
Lester D. Langley,
The Americas in the Age of Revolution, 1750–1850
(New Haven, 1996), 122, 269.

87.
Liberator
, January 9, 1863; Whiting,
War Powers
, i–ii.

88.
New York Herald
, January 1, 1863; Carnahan,
Act of Justice
, 123; Foner,
Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass
, 3: 214;
CW
, 5: 49.

89.
CW
, 7: 282;
Springfield Weekly Republican
, January 10, 1863;
Washington Daily Morning Chronicle
, December 8, 1862;
Pacific Appeal
, October 4, 1862.

90.
Christian Recorder
, February 14, 1863; Bancroft,
Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers
, 1: 206.

91.
Steven Hahn,
A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration
(Cambridge, Mass., 2003), 114; Benjamin R. Plumly to Lincoln, January 1, 1863, ALP.

92.
Giuseppe Garibaldi et al. to Lincoln, August 6, 1863, ALP; Richard Enmale, ed.,
The Civil War in the United States by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels
(3rd ed.; New York, 1961), 200. Marx wrote these words in August 1862, after Lincoln’s final appeal to the border states for gradual emancipation.

8
“A New Birth of Freedom”

1.
Mark A. Plummer,
Lincoln’s Rail Splitter: Governor Richard J. Oglesby
(Urbana, Ill., 2001), 85.

2.
William D. Foulke,
Life of Oliver P. Morton
(2 vols.; Indianapolis, 1899), 1: 230;
BD
, 1: 612–17; John Bigelow,
Retrospections of an Active Life
(5 vols.; New York, 1909–13), 1: 632; Moncure D. Conway,
Autobiography: Memories and Experiences
(2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 1: 381.

3.
New York Times
, October 18, 1863;
CW
, 5: 537; 7: 93.

4.
Allan G. Bogue, “William Parker Cutler’s Congressional Diary of 1862–63,”
CWH
, 33 (December 1987), 327; Beverly W. Palmer and Holly B. Ochoa, eds.,
The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens
(2 vols.; Pittsburgh, 1997), 1: 354–56;
CG
, 37th Congress, 3rd Session, 601, 626–28, 680, 684, 858–63, 924; appendix, 93.

5.
CW
, 6: 59, 191; Henry G. Pearson,
The Life of John A. Andrew
(2 vols.; Boston, 1904), 2: 73–82;
Douglass’ Monthly
, 5 (March 1863), 801, and (April 1863), 819;
Weekly Anglo-African
, January 17, 1863.

6.
Adams S. Hill to Sydney Howard Gay, January 19, 1863, GP; Thomas Richmond to Abraham Lincoln, March 2, 1863, ALP; Steven V. Ash,
Firebrand of Liberty: The Story of Two Black Regiments That Changed the Course of the Civil War
(New York, 2008), 200–201;
CW
, 6: 56, 149, 158.

7.
Washington Daily Morning Chronicle
, April 20, 1863;
Harper’s Weekly
, August 8, 1863; Edwin M. Stanton to Lincoln, February 8, 1864, ALP; Donald Yacovone, ed.,
A Voice of Thunder: The Civil War Letters of George E. Stephens
(Urbana, Ill., 1997), 240.

8.
CW
, 6: 374; Ulysses S. Grant to Lincoln, July 23, 1863, ALP;
Harper’s Weekly
, February 21, 1863; John Y. Simon, ed.,
The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant
(Carbondale, Ill., 1967–), 8, 94n.

9.
Steven V. Ash,
Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South
(Baton Rouge, 1988), 111–13; James M. McPherson,
What They Fought For, 1861–1865
(Baton Rouge, 1994), 30, 57–67; Chandra Manning,
What This Cruel War Was Over: Soldiers, Slavery, and the Civil War
(New York, 2007), 12–13, 83–85, 95, 115–16; Frank L. Byrne and Jean P. Soman, eds.,
Your True Marcus: The Civil War Letters of a Jewish Colonel
(Kent, Ohio, 1985), 315–16;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 404.

10.
Ira Berlin et al., eds.,
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867
(New York, 1982–), ser. 1, 1: 96; ser. 2, 1–15, 116–26, 185, 191–97;
OR
, ser. 3, 3: 860–61; Benjamin Quarles,
Lincoln and the Negro
(New York, 1962), 161–66; Thomas E. Bramlette to Lincoln, February 1 and March 8, 1864, ALP; John David Smith, “The Recruitment of Negro Soldiers in Kentucky, 1863–1865,”
Register of the Kentucky Historical Society
, 72 (October 1974), 364–90.

11.
Brownson’s Quarterly Review
, National Series, 1 (January 1864), 105; Berlin et al.,
Freedom
, ser. 2: 1, 40, 303–12, 483–87; Drew G. Faust,
This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War
(New York, 2007), 45; George S. Burkhardt,
Confederate Rage, Yankee Wrath: No Quarter in the Civil War
(Carbondale, Ill., 2007), 1–2;
OR
, ser. 2, 4: 954; 6: 21–22.

12.
Chicago Tribune
, February 26, 1864; Berlin et al.,
Freedom
, ser. 2, 28–29, 362–68, 401–2, 433–42, 611–13; Pearson,
Life of John A. Andrew
, 2: 98–117;
Christian Recorder
, April 16, 1864; H. O. Wagoner to Elihu B. Washburne, November 29, 1863, Elihu B. Washburne Papers, LC;
Harper’s Weekly
, September 5, 1863;
CG
, 38th Congress, 1st Session, 2851.

13.
Francis G. Shaw to Lincoln, July 31, 1863, ALP; Berlin et al.,
Freedom
, ser. 2: 582–83;
CW
, 6: 357.

14.
James Oakes,
The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics
(New York, 2007), 211–14;
Douglass’ Monthly
, 5 (August 1863), 849. Douglass offered various accounts of the meeting:
Liberator
, August 10, 1863;
Proceedings of the American Antislavery Society at Its Third Decade
(New York, 1864), 116–17; Allen T. Rice, ed.,
Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time
(New York, 1888), 185–88; Frederick Douglass,
Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
(Hartford, 1882), 347–50.

15.
Burkhardt,
Confederate Rage
, 78–79, 109–10, 119–27;
CW
, 7: 302–3; James M. McPherson,
Tried by War: Abraham Lincoln as Commander in Chief
(New York, 2008), 247–48;
CG
, 38th Congress, 2nd Session, 24;
Chicago Tribune
, February 26, 1865.

16.
CW
, 2: 10; 7: 281, 499; Roy F. Basler, ed.,
The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln: First Supplement, 1832–1865
(New Brunswick, N.J., 1974), 243; Michael Burlingame, ed.,
Dispatches from Lincoln’s White House: The Anonymous Civil War Journalism of Presidential Secretary William O. Stoddard
(Lincoln, Neb., 2002), 167.

17.
Robert Dale Owen,
The Wrong of Slavery, the Right of Emancipation and the Future of the African Race in the United States
(Philadelphia, 1864), 196–97; Adrian Cook,
The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863
(Lexington, Ky., 1974);
New York Times
, March 7, 1864;
Washington Daily Morning Chronicle
, September 2, 1863; Yacovone,
Voice of Thunder
, 160; Francis Lieber to Charles Sumner, March 6, 1864, Charles Sumner Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.

18.
Rice,
Reminiscences
, 193; John Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
(New York, 1907), 175–76.

19.
Harold Holzer,
Lincoln President-Elect: Abraham Lincoln and the Great Secession Winter, 1860–1861
(New York, 2008), 118;
CW
, 7: 542–43; 8: 272; Edmund Kelly to Lincoln, August 21, 1863; American Baptist Missionary Convention to Lincoln, August 21, 1863; African Civilization Society to Lincoln, November 5, 1863, all in ALP;
National Anti-Slavery Standard
, December 17, 1864;
Weekly Anglo-African
, May 14, 1864;
Washington National Intelligencer
, August 6, 1864; Julie Roy Jeffrey,
The Great Silent Army of Abolitionism: Ordinary Women in the Antislavery Movement
(Chapel Hill, 1998), 218; Michael Vorenberg, “Slavery Reparations in Theory and Practice,” in Brian Dirck, ed.,
Lincoln Emancipated: The President and the Politics of Race
(DeKalb, Ill., 2007), 125–27.

20.
CW
, 7: 483, 506–8; John McMahon to Lincoln, August 5, 1864, ALP.

21.
CW
, 4: 277; James Oakes, “Natural Rights, Citizenship Rights, States’ Rights, and Black Rights: Another Look at Lincoln and Race,” in Eric Foner, ed.,
Our Lincoln: New Perspectives on Lincoln and His World
(New York, 2008), 115–16.

22.
Douglass’ Monthly
, 5 (February 1863), 786; Willis Boyd, “Negro Colonization in the National Crisis, 1860–1870” (unpub. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1953), 154–56; Bogue, “William Parker Cutler’s Congressional Diary,” 328.

23.
Thomas S. Malcolm, Memorandum, February 4, 1863; J. P. Usher to William H. Seward, April 22, 1863; Usher to Edwin M. Stanton, April 28, 1863; Usher to John Hodge, May 11, 1863, all in Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872; Hodge to Usher, May 6 and 14, 1863, Communications Relating to Colonization in British Honduras, RG 48, NA;
New York Times
, May 18, 1863.

24.
J. P. Usher to Lincoln, May 18, 1863, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA;
St. Louis Daily Globe-Democrat
, August 28, 1894.

25.
CW
, 6: 178; 39th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 55, 27–61; Charles K. Tuckerman to Lincoln, March 31, 1863, ALP; J. P. Usher to Leonard Jerome, December 12, 1863, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA.

26.
J. P. Usher to Charles K. Tuckerman, April 17 and July 8, 1863, and April 5, 1864, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA; James DeLong to Henry Conrad, June 25, 1863, ALP; Eaton,
Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen
, 91–92;
CW
, 7: 164.

27.
Chicago Tribune
, March 23, 1864; J. P. Usher to Lincoln, May 18, 1863, Letters Sent, September 8, 1858–February 1, 1872, RG 48, NA; Michael Vorenberg, “Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization,”
JALA
, 14 (Summer 1993), 40–43; Michael Burlingame and John R. Ettlinger eds.,
Inside Lincoln’s White House: The Complete Civil War Diary of John Hay
(Carbondale, Ill., 1997), 217; Michael Burlingame, ed.,
Lincoln’s Journalist: John Hay’s Anonymous Writings for the Press, 1860–1864
(Carbondale, Ill., 1998), 280.