The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself (72 page)

13.
Catherine Fletcher,
Our Man in Rome: Henry VIII and his Italian Ambassador
(London: Bodley Head, 2012); idem, ‘War, Diplomacy and Social Mobility: The Casali Family in the Service of Henry VIII’,
Journal of Early Modern Histor
y, 14 (2010), pp. 559–78.

14.
Levin,
Agents of Empire
, pp. 18–23.

15.
Ibid., p. 167.

16.
Frederic J. Baumgartner, ‘Henry II and the Papal Conclave of 1549’,
Sixteenth Century Journal
, 16 (1985), pp. 301–14.

17.
Levin,
Agents of Empire
, p. 65.

18.
Ermolao Barbaro,
Epistolae, Orationes et Carmina
, ed. V. Branca, 2 vols (Florence: Bibliopolis, 1943).

19.
Quoted Mattingly,
Renaissance Diplomacy
, p. 188.

20.
Geoffrey Parker,
The Grand Strategy of Philip II
(New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 214; Katy Gibbons,
English Catholic Exiles in Late Sixteenth-Century Paris
(Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer, 2011).

21.
Parker,
Grand Strategy
, pp. 209–23; M. Leimon and Geoffrey Parker, ‘Treason and Plot in Elizabethan England: The Fame of Sir Edward Stafford Reconsidered’,
English Historical Review
, 106 (1996), pp. 1,134–58.

22.
A helpful introduction to Spanish diplomatic ciphers, with some examples, can be found in an appendix to De Lamar Jensen,
Diplomacy and Dogmatism: Bernardino de Mendoza and the French Catholic League
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964), pp. 231–8.

23.
John Bossy,
Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001).

24.
René Ancel, ‘Étude critique sur quelques recueils d'avvisi’,
Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire
, 28 (1908), pp. 115–39, here p. 130.

25.
Philip Beale,
A History of the Post in England from the Romans to the Stuarts
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 1988), p. 148. This was presumably Sir Francis Englefield, one of the most notorious of the English Catholic exiles.

26.
Jensen,
Diplomacy and Dogmatism
, pp. 171–89.

27.
Wolfgang Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur: Reichspost und Kommunikationsrevolution in der Frühen Neuzeit
(Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003), p. 340.

28.
The fundamental literature is the work of Mario Infelise,
Prima dei giornali: alle origini della pubblica informazione (secoli XVI–XVII)
(Rome: Laterza, 2002). See also his ‘From Merchants’ Letters to Handwritten Political Avvisi: Notes on the Origins of Public Information’, in Francisco Bethercourt and Florike Egmond (eds),
Correspondence and Cultural Exchange in Europe, 1400–1700
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 33–52, and ‘Roman Avvisi: Information and Politics in the Seventeenth Century’, in Gianvittorio Signorotto and Maria Antonietta Visceglia (eds),
Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1400–1800
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

29.
George Holmes, ‘A Letter from Lucca to London in 1303’, in Peter Denley and Caroline Elam (eds),
Florence and Italy: Renaissance Studies in Honour of Nicolai Rubinstein
(London: University of London, 1988), pp. 227–33.

30.
Chapter 2, above.

31.
Carolyn James (ed.),
The Letters of Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti (1481–1510)
(Florence: Olschki, 2001); Bernard Chandler, ‘A Renaissance News Correspondent’,
Italica
, 29 (1952), pp. 158–63.

32.
C. Marzi, ‘Degli antecessori dei giornali’,
Rivista delle biblioteche e degli archivi
, 24 (1913), 181–5. The translated excerpts are from Infelise, ‘Merchants’ Letters’, p. 39.

33.
James,
Letters of Giovanni Sabadino degli Arienti
, pp. 48–50.

34.
Infelise, ‘Merchants’ Letters’, pp. 39–40.

35.
Jean Delumeau,
Vie économique et sociale de Rome dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle
(Paris: Boccard, 1957–9), pp. 26–79, here p. 28.

36.
The Merchant of Venice
, Act 3, scene 1, echoing Shylock to Bassano, Act 1, scene 3.

37.
Delumeau,
Vie économique et sociale de Rome
, pp. 877–8.

38.
Infelise, ‘Roman Avvisi’, p. 216.

39.
Brian Richardson,
Manuscript Culture in Renaissance Italy
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 159.

40.
Ibid., pp. 117–21.

41.
See Chapter 7 below.

42.
Delumeau,
Vie économique et sociale de Rome
, p. 31.

43.
Richardson,
Manuscript Culture
, p. 159.

44.
Delumeau,
Vie économique et sociale de Rome
, p. 64.

45.
See Chapter 8 below.

46.
Mark Häberlein,
The Fuggers of Augsburg: Pursuing Wealth and Honor in Renaissance Germany
(Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press,
2012); Jacob Strieder,
Jakob Fugger the Rich: Merchant and Banker of Augsburg, 1459–1525
(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984); Götz von Pölnitz,
Die Fugger
(Frankfurt: Scheffler, 1960); Richard Ehrenberg,
Das Zeitalter der Fugger: Geldkapital und Creditverkehr im 16. Jahrhundert
(Jena: Fischer, 1922).

47.
Vienna, ONB, Cod. 8949–8975; Mathilde A. H. Fitzler,
Die Entstehung der sogenannten Fuggerzeitungen in der Wiener Nationalbibliothek
(Baden bei Wien: Rohrer, 1937); Oswald Bauer,
Zeitungen vor der Zeitung. Die Fuggerzeitungen (1568–1605) und das frühmoderne Nachrichtensystem
(Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2011).

48.
Ancel, ‘Étude critique’, pp. 115–39.

49.
Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur
, p. 327.

50.
Fitzler,
Entstehung
, p. 22.

51.
Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur
, p. 328.

52.
Fitzler,
Entstehung
, p. 78. It was published as
Warhafftige Abconterfectur und eigentlicher bericht der gewaltigen Schiffbrucken, Blochheusser und unerhörter wundergebew die der Printz von Barma vor der Statt Antorff auf dem Wasser hat bawen lassen.
A copy is in the Munich State Library, Cod. Germ. 5864/2 f. 38.

53.
Albert Ganado and Maurice Agius-Valadà,
A Study in Depth of 143 Maps Representing the Great Siege of Malta of 1565
(Valetta: Bank of Valetta, 1994).

54.
Behringer,
Im Zeichen des Merkur
, pp. 330–1.

55.
William S. Powell,
John Pory, 1572–1636: The Life and Letters of a Man of Many Parts
(Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1976).

Chapter 6 Marketplace and Tavern

1.
G. R. Elton,
Policy and Police: The Enforcement of the Reformation in the Age of Thomas Cromwell
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972).

2.
Adam Fox,
Oral and Literate Culture in England, 1500–1700
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 346, 349.

3.
Peter Clark (ed.),
Small Towns in Early Modern Europe
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

4.
Adam Fox, ‘Rumour, News and Popular Political Opinion in Elizabethan and Early Stuart England’,
Historical Journal
, 40 (1997), p. 604.

5.
Ibid., p. 605.

6.
Ibid., p. 609.

7.
Pieter Spierenburg,
The Spectacle of Suffering
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); Paul Friedland,
Seeing Justice Done: The Age of Spectacular Capital Punishment in France
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); David Nicholls, ‘The Theatre of Martyrdom in the French Reformation’,
Past and Present
, 121 (188), pp. 49–73; J. A. Sharpe, ‘Last Dying Speeches: Religion, Ideology and Public Execution in Seventeenth-Century England’,
Past and Present
, 107 (1985), pp. 144–67.

8.
See Chapter 4.

9.
For a more realistic timetable, see the case of the notorious axe murderer Enoch ap Evan, executed at Shrewsbury on 20 August 1633. Two short pamphlet accounts were published by the end of the year, the first registered by the Stationers’ Company on 20 September. Peter Lake and Michael Questier,
The Antichrist's Lewd Hat: Protestants, Papists and Players in Post-Reformation England
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002), pp. 6–7.

10.
Laurence Fontaine,
History of Pedlars in Europe
(Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996).

11.
Clive Griffin, ‘Itinerant Booksellers, Printers and Pedlars in Sixteenth-Century Spain and Portugal’, in Robin Myers, Michael Harris and Giles Mandelbrote,
Fairs, Markets and the Itinerant Book Trade
(London: British Library, 2007), pp. 43–59.

12.
E. M. Wilson, ‘Samuel Pepys's Spanish Chapbooks’,
Transactions of the Cambridge Bibliographical Society
, 2 (1955–7), pp. 127–54, 229–68, 305–22.

13.
Clive Griffin,
Journeymen Printers, Heresy and the Inquisition in Sixteenth-Century Spain
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

14.
Alastair Duke, ‘Posters, Pamphlets and Prints’, in his
Dissident Identities in the Early Modern Low Countries
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), pp. 157–77.

15.
F. Madan, ‘The Daily Ledger of John Dorne, 1520’, in C. R. L. Fletcher (ed.),
Collectanea
(Oxford: Oxford Historical Society, 1885), pp. 71–177. He also sold Christmas carols, again in single sheets, for the same price.

16.
Rosa Salzberg and Massimo Rospocher, ‘Street Singers in Italian Renaissance Urban Culture and Communication’,
Cultural and Social History
, 9 (2012), pp. 9–26.

17.
Giancarlo Petrella, ‘Ippolito Ferrarese, a Travelling “Cerratano” and Publisher in Sixteenth-Century Italy’, in Benito Rial Costas (ed.),
Print Culture and Peripheries in Early Modern Europe
(Leiden: Brill, 2013), pp. 201–26.

18.
Salzberg and Rospocher, ‘Street Singers’.

19.
Massimo Rospocher, ‘Print and Political Propaganda under Pope Julius II (1503–1513)’, in Pollie Bromilow (ed.),
Authority in European Book Culture
(New York: Ashgate, 2013).

20.
Salzberg and Rospocher, ‘Street Singers’.

21.
Cantique de victoire pour l'Eglise de Lyon. A Lyon, Le jour de la victoire, dernier du mois d'Avril. 1562
(Lyon: Jean Saugrain, 1562). USTC 37138.

22.
The conclusion, and telling phrase of Rosa Salzberg. Salzberg and Rospocher, ‘Street Singers’.

23.
Above, Chapter 5.

24.
Tommaso Garzoni,
La piazza universale di tutte le professionini del mondo
(1585).

25.
Andrew Pettegree,
Reformation and the Culture of Persuasion
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), Chapter 3.

26.
Nathan Rein,
The Chancery of God: Protestant Print, Polemic and Propaganda against the Emperor, Magdeburg 1546–1551
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2008).

27.
Listed in an appendix to Thomas Kaufmann,
Das Ende der Reformation: Magdeburgs “Herrgotts Kanzlei” (1548–1551/2)
(Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2003).

28.
Rebecca Wagner Oettinger,
Music as Propaganda in the German Reformation
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001), p. 137, and the chapter, ‘Popular Song as Resistance.’

29.
Wagner Oettinger,
Music as Propaganda
, pp. 118–19. Oettinger's table 4.2 (p. 113) provides a list of
contrafacta
of the ‘Judaslied’.

30.
Jane Finucane, ‘Rebuking the Princes: Erasmus Alber in Magdeburg, 1548–1552’, in Bromilow (ed.),
Authority in European Book Culture
. For Alber's works, Kaufmann,
Ende der Reformation
, appendix I and pp. 371–97.