The Passport in America: The History of a Document (64 page)

documentation

authority of,
17
,
22
,
232
–33

as critical to nation-state,
13
,
48

definition of,
281
n33

distrust of,
176
–83

fixing identity with,
120
–21

of marginal populations,
65
,
219

of “the other,”
13
,
47
,
68
,
216

personal knowledge
vs
.,
197

respectability and,
15
,
217
,
228
–35

documentation of identity

acceptance of,
13
–14,
241
,
250

arguments for,
97
,
213

assumptions of,
3
,
10
–11,
36
,
58
,
112
,
120
,
245

cultural and social tensions around,
1
–2,
229
–39

expansion of,
120

as learned skill,
8
,
22
,
29
,
39
,
43
–44,
46
–47,
64
,
70
,
71
,
91
,
95
,
101
,
106
,
120
,
240
,
244

new identity from,
10
,
18
,
48
,
70
,
71
,
74
,
79
,
95
,
103
–5,
112
,
118
,
119
–20,
206
,
217
,
246
,
247
,
263
n22

reliability of,
63
,
111

Douglass, Frederick,
131

Doyle, Arthur Conan,
58

draft,
45
,
194
,
200
.
See also
Selective Service Act

Dred Scott
opinion, Taney’s,
147
,
148
,
149

drivers’ licenses,
17
,
45
,
97
,
249

dubious citizens,
125
–59

creation of,
127
,
148
,
248

expatriation and,
152
–53,
155
–56,
158
–59

passport as certificate of citizenship and,
126
–28,
133
,
147
–48,
150
–51,
158
–59

types of,
128
,
148
,
151
–52

Dumenil, Lynn,
230

Duncan, Isadora,
88

Earhart, Amelia,
50

1856 act,
142
–43,
147
–51,
156
,
186

key aspects of,
142

Einstein, Albert,
233
–35

electronic funds transfer,
38

Ellis Island

immigrants at,
8
,
164
–71,
179
,
182
,
204
–5,
213

inspections at,
166
–71,
179
,
182
,
204
–5

use of documents at,
163
,
168
–71,
179
–81,
182
–83,
212
–13

embassies,
80
,
154

emergency passports,
102
,
192

“enemy aliens,”
199

England

handwriting authentication in,
7
,
57

names in,
45

Redmond in,
143
–44

English language,
28
–29

English travelers, in Germany,
15

engraved plate, used in passport,
33
,
62
–63

engraver’s imprint,
33

Equal Rights
,
52
–53

Espionage Act of 1917,
190
,
199

ethnicity.
See
race and ethnicity

etiquette and manners books,
76

eugenics,
77
,
84

Europe.
See also specific countries

degeneration of European race,
75

fraudulent passports in,
39
,
272
n8

handwritten
vs
. stamped signatures in,
61
–62

lists of criminals’ names in,
45

money in,
36

names in,
44
–45

passport nuisance and,
215
,
217
–26

passport system in,
14
–16,
150
,
186
,
192

ports in,
39
,
205
,
297
n98

“proof of necessity” for travel in,
194

registration and identity cards in,
45

shipside examinations of passports in,
39

Everett, Edward,
130

evidence of identity

acceptable,
8
,
248

bodily,
13
,
160
–61,
164
,
168
,
174
,
176

collective memory of community as,
6
,
96

functions of,
11

illustrative,
85

physical appearance as,
6
,
43
–44,
102
,
208
–9,
233

prima facie evidence of citizenship,
179
,
180

on signatures and handwriting,
56
,
57

for voter registration,
6
,
96
–97

word as,
6
,
92
,
96

“ex parte certificate,”
125

expatriation,
152
–53,
248

exclusions from,
155
–56

residence abroad and,
155
–56,
158
–59

expired passports

presentation of,
278
n36

renewing,
152

three lines drawn through signature on,
55

eyes

color,
64
,
70
,
73

diseases,
163

face-to-face observation.
See
physical appearance; physical description

facial features,
17
,
70
–71,
74
,
88

facts

of identity,
8
,
66
,
119

word
vs
.,
230

Fairchild, Amy,
162

families

paper,
176

passport issuance to,
156
–57

photographs,
89

family names,
44
,
46

changing,
47
–48

custom of taking husband’s,
51

power of,
45
,
48
–49

FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation),
241
–42.
See also
Bureau of Investigation federal government

centralization and standardization of,
4
,
5

increasing size of,
112
–13

interactions between individuals and,
95
,
216
,
237
,
240
,
241
,
244

knowledge about population, industry and society,
5
–6,
198
–99

limited reach of,
97
,
98
,
99
–100,
143
,
204

tensions between states and,
127
,
131
–32

fees

collection of,
111
,
156

complaints about,
222
–28

introduction of,
95
–96

notary,
169

for passports,
223
–27,
301
n65

as taxation,
23
,
224
–27

for visas,
223
–26

feet, length of,
69
–70,
73

Fifteenth Amendment,
76

filing cabinets,
115
,
117
,
249

filing systems,
5
,
212
–13.
See also
indexing systems

Bertillonage,
73
–75

decimal,
115

flat filing,
117

for immigrants,
175
–76,
212
–13

numerical subject,
115

for prisoners,
272
n11

problems with,
212
–13

in State Department,
114
–15,
117
–18

vertical filing,
117

fingerprinting,
9
,
58
,
68
,
73
,
249
–50

campaign for universal,
241
–44

digital,
17
,
249

voluntary,
241
,
303
n110

first names,
44

first papers (declarant certificates),
129
–30,
281
n11

Fish, Hamilton,
152
,
155
,
159

Flournoy, Richard,
51
–52,
189
–90