The Passport in America: The History of a Document (63 page)

physical appearance and,
75
,
83

children,
156
,
176
.
See also
infants

China,
29
,
46
–47

Chinese Exclusion Acts,
13
,
46
–47,
107
,
161
,
171
–72,
178

bureaucracy and,
117
–19

as documentary regime of verification,
118
–19

enforcement of,
175
,
288
n15

exemptions from,
46
,
86
,
117
–18,
163
,
172
,
173
,
176
,
179

Chinese immigrants,
46
–47,
171
–77

case files,
46

filing systems for,
175
–76

Immigration Bureau and,
46
,
117
–18,
175
,
178
–79,
181

photographs of,
86
–87,
176
,
181

physical appearance of,
172
–74,
176

restrictions on,
161
,
163
,
172
,
175

visas for,
172

citizenship.
See also
certificate of citizenship, passport as; declaration of intent; dubious citizens; native-born citizens; naturalized citizens

African Americans and,
4
,
12
,
127
,
128
,
131
–34,
143
–45,
147
–48

birthright,
178
,
231
–33

commission report on,
158
–59

definition of,
127
,
128
,
147
–48,
151
,
248

“industrial,”
162

legal debates about,
125
–27

loyalty and,
141
,
151
,
153
,
155
,
158

through naturalization of husband or parent,
103

oath of allegiance as proof of,
98
–99,
100
f
,
277
n16,
277
n19

practices of good and bad,
155
–58

prima facie evidence of,
179
,
180

race and,
107
,
133
,
143
–45,
147
–48

states’ granting of,
5
,
12
,
131

verification of,
47
,
91

whiteness and,
102
,
103
,
203

of women,
50
,
93
,
95
,
159
,
276
n4

Citizenship Act of 1907,
12

Civilian Advisory Commission,
199

civil service, reform of,
113

Civil War

absentee ballots during,
276
n9

bond paid by noncitizens to leave

country during,
142

comparing signatures during,
55
–56

money during,
37

oath of allegiance during,
277
n16

passport agents during,
293
n41

passport requirements during,
142
,
187
,
271
n24

class.
See also
steamships immigration and,
165
,
173
–74

privilege and,
9
,
219
–20

Clay, Henry,
128

Clayton, John,
132
–33

clerks,
70
,
71
,
72
,
73
,
110
–12,
113
,
118
,
132
,
138
,
148
,
170
,
192
,
193
,
213
,
221
,
229
,
231
,
232
,
237

clothing

of immigrants,
167
,
168
,
171
,
174
,
289
n33

in photographs,
90

coat of arms, U.S.,
33
,
116
f

coins,
36

communism,
16
,
234

community(ies)

collective memory of,
6
,
96

local
vs
. national,
4

voter identification from,
6
,
76
–77,
96
,
276
n9

commuters, across borders,
197
–98,
207
–8

complaints

about fees,
222
–28

about passports,
33
,
61
–62,
87
,
217
,
228
–29

complexion,
64
,
133

confessional records, of parishes,
45

confidence men,
75

Constantinople,
129
,
135
,
137

consular certificates,
191
–92

consular stamps, counterfeit,
39

consul-generals,
153
–54

consuls, U.S.
See also specific countries

passport issuance by,
39
,
153
–54,
192

photographs and,
89
–90

registration with,
159

visas issued by,
29
,
30
f
,
31
f
,
187
,
190
–91

Cooks tourists,
225

copy books,
280
n27

correspondence.
See also
letters

diplomatic,
23
,
25
,
66

of State Department,
114
–15,
117
,
279
n18,
280
n19

counterfeit consular stamps and seals,
39

“counterfeit detectors,”
37

counterfeit money,
37
–38

courier passports,
263
n18

courtrooms.
See also
Supreme Court

handwriting authentication in,
7
,
56
–58

naturalization and,
103

photographs in,
85
,
90

credit cards,
38

credit reporting,
6

criminals

identification of,
68
–69,
72
–76,
182
–83,
216
,
231
,
242
–43

immigration of,
162
,
169

lists of names in Europe,
45

photographs of,
76
,
84

types,
76
,
84

criminology,
75

Curaçao,
89

currency,
22
,
37
,
38
.
See also
money

customs officials,
162
,
186
,
189
–90,
193

daguerreotypes,
82
–84

Darwinism,
77

databases,
17
,
249

Davis, James,
213
–14

death certificates,
105

declarant certificates (first papers),
129
–30,
281
n11

declaration of intent (declarants)

immigrants with,
127
–31,
266
n19

Koszta and,
135
–39

oath of allegiance as,
136

Department of Commerce,
189

Department of Commerce and Labor,
162
,
175

Department of Foreign Affairs,
26

Department of Justice,
189
,
200

Department of Labor,
189
,
203
,
211

Department of State.
See
State Department

Department of War and Navy,
189

departure permits,
187
–88,
203

deportment,
77
,
78

detective novels,
58
,
76

Detroit Philosophical Society,
235

Dickens, Charles,
5

digitalization of identity,
17
,
249

digital regime of verification,
17

digital surveillance,
246

diplomatic correspondence,
23
,
25
,
66
,
130
,
152
,
154
,
155
,
158

diplomatic or service passports,
263
n18

diplomats,
153
–54,
159

diseases, immigrants and,
161
,
162
–63,
165
–67,
169
,
289
n33

distinguishing marks,
66
,
78
,
79
,
81

Division of Passport Control,
111
,
227
,
229
.
See also
Passport Division

Bureau of Citizenship renamed as,
193

on passport fraud,
38

documentary regime of verification,
10
–11,
68
,
103
–5,
183
,
198
,
211
,
212

acceptance of,
120
,
240

for aliens,
212

Chinese Exclusion Acts as,
118
–19

development of,
17
,
138
–39

limited utility of passports at border and,
180

new conception of passport within,
189
,
247
–48

reputation and privilege
vs
.,
233
,
235