The Sultan and the Queen: The Untold Story of Elizabeth and Islam (56 page)

64
. Scott Surtees,
William Shakespeare, of Stratford-on-Avon, His Epitaph Unearthed, and the Author of the Plays run to Ground
(London: Henry Gray, 1888), pp. 21–22. On Sherley and Surtees, see Subrahmanyam,
Three Ways,
pp. 79–80. See also Jonathan Sell,
Rhetoric and Wonder in English Travel Writing, 1560–1613
(Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006), pp. 105–11.

Chapter 11: More Than a Moor

1
. Castries, vol. 2, pp. 143–45.

2
. Ibid., p. 146.

3
. Ibid., p. 160.

4
. Ibid., pp. 161–62.

5
. Ibid., pp. 165–67.

6
. T. S. Willan,
Studies in Elizabethan Foreign Trade
(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959), pp. 302–3.

7
. Castries, vol. 2, p. 187.

8
. Sir Henry Sydney,
Letters and Memorials of State,
2 vols. (London: Arthur Collins, 1746), vol. 2, p. 211.

9
. Quoted in Bernard Harris, “A Portrait of a Moor,” in
Shakespeare and Race,
ed. Catherine M. S. Alexander and Stanley Wells (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), pp. 23–36; at p. 28.

10
. Sydney,
Letters and Memorials,
vol. 2, p. 212.

11
. Ibid.

12
. Quoted in Harris, “A Portrait of a Moor,” p. 29.

13
. Sydney,
Letters and Memorials,
p. 212.

14
. Ibid., p. 214.

15
. Castries, vol. 2, p. 178.

16
. Ibid., pp. 178–79.

17
. Ibid., p. 192.

18
. Ibid., p. 199.

19
. John Stow,
Annales, or a Generale Chronicle of England
(London: John Windet, 1603), p. 791. See also Castries, vol. 2, p. 203.

20
. Castries, vol. 2, pp. 194–95.

21
. Stow,
Annales,
p. 1405.

22
. Paul Hentzner,
Paul Hentzner’s Travels in England, During the Reign of Queen Elizabeth,
trans. Horace Walpole (London: Edward Jeffery, 1797), p. 34.

23
.
A Geographical Historie of Africa, written in Arabicke and Italian by Iohn Leo a More, borne in Granada, and brought vp in Barbarie
(London, 1600), sig. A2.

24
. Ibid., p. 200.

25
. Stow,
Annales,
p. 791.

26
. Ibid.

27
. P. L. Hughes and J. F. Larkin, eds.,
Tudor Royal Proclamations,
3 vols. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964), vol. 3, pp. 221–22.

28
. CP, Part 10, p. 399; D. W. Davies,
Elizabethans Errant: The Strange Fortunes of Sir Thomas Sherley and His Three Sons, as Well in the Dutch Wars as in Muscovy, Morocco, Persia, Spain, and the Indies
(Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967), pp. 187–88.

29
. Quoted in Nabil Matar,
Britain and Barbary, 1589–1689
(Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005), p. 27.

30
. Castries, vol. 2, pp. 208–9.

31
. Ibid., p. 196.

32
. Ralph Carr,
The Mahumetane or Turkish Historie Containing Three Books
(London: Thomas Este, 1600), unpaginated “Preface,” and p. 103.

33
. Ibid., p. 5.

34
. Ibid., p. 1.

35
. All references to
Lust’s Dominion
are from Fredson Bowers, ed.,
The Dramatic Works of Thomas Dekker,
4 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1961), vol. 4, pp. 115–230. On the question of the play’s complicated authorship and date, see Charles Cathcart, “
Lust’s Dominion; or, The Lascivious Queen:
Authorship, Date, and Revision,”
Review of English Studies
52, no. 207 (2001), pp. 360–75.

36
. Dekker,
Lust’s Dominion,
1.1.151–52.

37
. Ibid., 1.2.158.

38
. Ibid., 1.2.156.

39
. Ibid., 5.3.166.

40
. Ibid., 5.3.182–83.

41
. Emily C. Bartels,
Speaking of the Moor: From Alcazar to Othello
(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008), pp. 118–37.

42
. Joel B. Altman,
The Improbability of Othello: Rhetorical Anthropology and Shakespearean Selfhood
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010).

43
. For the most comprehensive and up-to-date account of the play’s dating and textual history, see E. A. J. Honigmann,
The Texts of “Othello” and Shakespearian Revision
(London: Arden, 1996) and his Arden Shakespeare edition of
Othello,
pp. 344–67.

44
. Thomas Rymer, “A Short View of Tragedy” [1693], in
The Critical Works of Thomas Rymer,
ed. Curt Zimansky (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1956), pp. 132–64; at p. 133.

45
. Thomas Middleton Raysor, ed.,
Coleridge’s Shakespeare Criticism,
2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1930), vol. 1, p. 47.

46
. Ben Okri, “Leaping Out of Shakespeare’s Terror: Five Meditations on
Othello,
” in
A Way of Being Free
(London: Phoenix, 1997), pp. 71–87; at pp. 72, 80.

47
. “Race,” OED.

48
.
Antony and Cleopatra,
3.13.107.

49
.
Othello,
1.1.33, 56–57, 64.

50
. Ibid., 1.1.85–90.

51
. Ibid., 1.1.109–12.

52
. Ibid., 1.1.114–15.

53
. Ibid., 1.1.127.

54
. Ibid., 1.1.124, 132–35.

55
. Ibid., 1.2.17–22.

56
. Ibid., 1.3.8.

57
. Ibid., 1.3.49–52.

58
. Ibid., 1.3.127–45.

59
. Editors use these references to date the play to sometime just after 1601, when Philemon Holland published his English translation of Pliny’s
Historie of the World,
with its stories of Ethiopian cannibals and “Blemmyes,” with their mouth and eyes in their chest.

60
. Natalie Zemon Davis,
Trickster Travels: In Search of Leo Africanus, a Sixteenth-Century Muslim Between Worlds
(New York: Hill & Wang, 2006).

61
.
Othello,
1.3.172, 170.

62
. Ibid., 1.3.293–94.

63
. Ibid., 2.1.21–22, 201.

64
. Ibid., 2.3.166–68.

65
. Barbara Everett, “‘Spanish’
Othello:
The Making of Shakespeare’s Moor,”
Shakespeare Survey
35 (1982), pp. 101–12; Eric Griffin, “Unsainting James: or,
Othello
and the “Spanish Spirits’ of Shakespeare’s Globe,”
Representations
62 (1998), pp. 58–99.

66
.
Othello,
2.1.114.

67
. Ibid., 3.3.456–63.

68
. Ibid., 4.3.17.

69
. Ibid., 4.3.24–31.

70
. Ibid., 4.3.51–52.

71
. Ernest Brennecke, “‘Nay, That’s Not Next!’: The Significance of Desdemona’s ‘Willow Song,’”
Shakespeare Quarterly
4, no. 1 (1953), pp. 35–38.

72
.
Othello,
5.2.298–99.

73
. Ibid., 5.2.300–301.

74
. Ibid., 5.2.336–54.

75
. Honigmann, ed.,
Othello,
pp. 342–43; Richard Levin, “The Indian/Iudean Crux in
Othello,
”
Shakespeare Quarterly
33, no. 1 (1982), pp. 60–67.

76
. Quoted in James Craigie, ed.,
The Poems of James VI of Scotland
(Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1955), p. 202.

Epilogue

1
. Bruce McGowan,
Economic Life in Ottoman Europe: Taxation, Trade and the Struggle for Land, 1600–1800
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 21; Alfred C. Wood,
A History of the Levant Company
(London: Oxford University Press, 1935), p. 42; Lewis Roberts,
A Merchant’s Mappe of Commerce
(London, 1638), pp. 79–80.

2
. W. B. Patterson,
King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 196–219.

3
. Quoted in Boies Penrose,
The Sherleian Odyssey: Being a Record of the Travels and Adventures of Three Famous Brothers During the Reigns of Elizabeth, James I, and Charles I
(London: Simpkin Marshall, 1938), p. 125.

4
. Quoted in ibid., pp. 127–28.

5
. Quoted in ibid., p. 256.

6
. Francis Cottington to Naunton, December 12, 1619, SP 94/23/258, TNA.

7
. John Jowett, ed.,
Sir Thomas More: Original Text by Anthony Munday and George Chettle
(London: Arden, 2011). All references to the play are to this edition. Jowett dates the original text to c. 1600, in contrast to earlier critics who dated it to c. 1593–1595, during the period of anti-alien insurrections. Jowett dates Shakespeare’s revised additions to c. 1603–1604.

8
. Ibid., 6.83–98.

9
. Ibid., 6.138–56. In his essay “On ‘Montanish Inhumanyty’ in
Sir Thomas More,
”
Studies in Philology
103, no. 2 (2006), pp. 178–85, Karl P. Wentersdorf argues that “mountainish” should be read as “Mohammetanish,” an intriguing possibility that would make it Shakespeare’s second direct reference to the Prophet Muhammad, after the example discussed above in
Henry VI
.

10
. The point is made in Charles Nicholl,
The Lodger: Shakespeare on Silver Street
(London: Penguin, 2007), pp. 175–88.

11
.
The Tempest,
1.2.194.

12
. Ibid., 1.2.259.

13
. Ibid., 2.1. 235, 230.

14
. Ibid., 5.1.186.

15
. Ibid., 1.2.263.

16
. Ibid., 2.1.82.

17
. Ibid., 2.1.242–43.

18
. Ibid., 2.1.125.

19
. Quoted in Christopher Brook, Roger Highfield, and Wim Swaan,
Oxford and Cambridge
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 180.