The United Nations Security Council and War:The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945 (121 page)

consent, role
of

Annan, Kofi 171

Arab-Israeli wars 312, 318

Darfur, Sudan 125, 509, 561–2

East Timor 551, 552, 561

Guinea-Bissau 509

Haiti, UN authorization of invasion of 509, 561

humanitarian intervention, use of force for 561–2

internal armed conflicts, peacebuilding at end of 509

Kosovo 561

Lebanon, peacebuilding in 510

Northern Ireland, peacebuilding in 510

P5 134

peacebuilding 508–11

peacekeeping missions 88, 169–70, 171, 176–7, 181, 203, 508–10

UN Charter
Chapter VII
561

conservatorship concept 568

contributions to peace operations
see also
standing forces

Gulf War 386

member state contributions 23, 113, 128, 502–3

Rwanda 113

standing forces 100–1, 113, 128–30

conventions
see
treaties and conventions

Cordesman, Anthony
395

Core Group on East Timor
357–8, 365

Cornut-Gentille, Bernard
289–90

corruption
52–3, 209, 212, 391, 403, 475

Côte d’Ivoire
see also
MINUCI

Accra III accord 482

arms embargo 481–3

ceasefire 481

diamond trade 483

disarmament 483–4

discrimination policy 470, 482, 483–4

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) 467–8, 480–1, 483–5

ECOWAS Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (ECOMICI) 481

elections 484

financial assets, freezing of 483

France 480–5, 491

individual sanctions 483

Liberia 470–1, 479, 480, 483, 485

Linas-Marcoussis Accord 480–2

mercenaries 634

Nigeria 481–2, 484, 486–7

Opération Licorne 481

peacekeeping operations 481–5, 487

Pretoria Agreement 483

rebel movements 470–1

resources 492

sanctions 481, 482–3

SC Res. 1464 (2003) 528

SC Res. 1479 (2003) 481, 524, 528, 634

SC Res. 1528 (2004) 202, 481, 525,

SC Res. 1572 (2004) 215, 482, 524, 528

SC Res. 1633 (2005) 523

SC Res. 1643 (2005) 483, 524

South Africa 482–5

United States 481

zone of confidence, maintenance of 481, 483

Cotonou Accord (1993)
472

Coulibaly, Mamadou
482

Counter Terrorism Committee (CTC)
614–17

Assessment and Technical Assistance Office 616

assistance and capacity-building 615, 616–17

Counter Terrorism Executive Directorate (CTED) 616, 619

Information and Administrative Office 616

regional and international organizations, cooperation with 615–16

reporting requirements 614–16, 620

SC Res. 1373 (2001) 614–17, 618

technical assistance 616–17

Cousens, Elizabeth
499

Crawford, Neta
576

creation of SC
61–85

aims 62–3

aggression, definition of 7, 11, 35, 67–70

armed force 68–72, 74–5, 84

Australia 67, 79–80

Big Four 74–9

Declaration 1942, signing of 75

unanimity, importance of 73–7, 79–81

veto 75

Big Three 73–4, 76, 80

Bolivia 69

Bretton Woods 77

Canada 68, 71–2

China 66–8, 70, 74–9

collective security framework, establishment of 64–81

Denmark 80

Dumbarton Oaks negotiations (1944) 61, 63, 64, 66–71, 76–80

Egypt 80

flexibility, need for 62–3, 81, 83, 84

Four Policemen concept 74–9

France 63, 66, 69–71, 73, 77–80

German militarism, prevention of further 65

Germany 65, 78

great powers, influence of 64–70, 73–82

International Court of Justice 70

Military Staff Committee 71

multiple threats, capacity to address 64–70

New Zealand 67, 80

Norway 70, 71

open security architecture 64–5

Permanent Members 63, 73–4, 79–83

provisional measures clause 70

San Francisco negotiations (1945) 63, 65, 66–73, 76–80, 82–4

smaller powers, influence of 67–9, 73, 78, 81

Soviet Union 65, 67, 73–5, 77–81

standby arrangements 73

standing force, proposal for 73

UN Charter 63, 68–71, 73–4, 79–85

unanimity, importance of great power 73–81

United Kingdom 64–5, 67–8, 70, 73–9

United States 64–79

Uruguay 71

veto powers, determination of 5, 6, 12, 13, 63, 67, 75, 78–82

voting system 78, 82, 135

Yalta negotiations (1945) 61, 63, 78–9, 135

crimes against humanity
see also
genocide; ethnic cleansing; massacres

amnesties, reservation to 477, 531

duty to prevent 523, 524, 558, 559

East Timor 357, 365

incitement to 527

Special Court for Sierra Leone 532

Sudan 124–5, 536, 559

UN rapid deployment brigade 118

criminal tribunals
see
international criminal tribunals

Croatia
see also
Bosnia; UNCRO; UNPROFOR; UNTAES, and Yugoslavia

amnesty 531

borders 423, 431

ceasefire 413, 415, 418

ethnic cleansing 450

independence 411, 412, 413, 417, 418, 420

military success 196, 197

refugees 419

recognition 418–21, 425

sanctions assistance mission 216

sanctions, non-compliance with 52

SC Res. 753 (1992) 419

SC Res. 779 (1992) 422

SC Res. 981 (1995) 419

SC Res. 1037 (1996) 423, 567

SC Res. 1038 (1996) 422

SC Res. 1120 (1997) 530, 531

SC Res. 1145 (1998) 423

SC Res. 1335 (2001) 522

SC Res. 1437 (2002) 422

self-determination 416–424

UN member state, admission as 419, 425

UNPROFOR 195, 203, 418, 419, 422, 425–6, 450

UN Protected Areas (UNPAs) 432, 450

CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe)
216, 408, 411–13, 416
see also
OSCE

Cuban Missile Crisis
496–7

customary international law

cumbersome nature of 144

humanitarian intervention 243, 389

international humanitarian law 521, 533, 588

Iraq 389

peacekeeping 180

self-defence 94

UN Charter, provisions regarding use of force 87, 95

Cyprus
511

Dalai Lama
500

Dallaire, Roméo
108, 503, 546

Dalton, Richard
353–4

Danube Patrol Mission
216

Darfur, Sudan
see also
AMIS; Sudan; UNAMID; UNMIS

African Union mission 124–5, 492, 506, 509, 514, 559–61

Annan, Kofi 558–9

consent 96, 124–5, 409, 561–2

genocide 560

humanitarian intervention 96, 124, 558–61

International Criminal Court, reference to 560–1

sanctions 211, 213, 214, 221, 223, 558–9, 611

standing forces 124–5

UN failures 53, 57, 96, 124–5, 253, 260, 499, 536, 561

UN reluctance to act 559

United States 504, 559–60

use of force, authorization of 561

Davis, Forrest
64, 74

Dayton Accords (1995)
242, 245, 423, 450, 451, 511
see also
Bosnia and Herzegovina; UNPROFOR

De St Jorre, Jogn
630

decision-making by SC
see also
legitimacy; veto

acceptance of decisions 145–7

binding nature 1, 30, 37, 38, 147, 168, 239, 252, 302, 350, 370, 612

compliance 28, 30, 31, 43, 52, 93, 139, 211, 214, 215, 220–223, 373, 611

conditions, guidelines or principles for decision-making 67–70, 83, 90, 557–8

consensus decision-making 30, 33, 82, 200, 454, 548, 621

flexibility, need for 62–3, 67–70, 69, 81, 83, 84

great powers, SC and 145–8

humanitarian intervention, use of force for 556–7

increase in, post-Cold War 355

international courts reviewing decisions 38

judicial review 38, 41

lowest common denominator 51, 200–1

NATO, regional arrangements for use of force and 244–6

participation 39, 138, 144, 146, 246, 578

reform, proposals for SC 32–4, 84–5, 119

standing forces 127

territorial administration 565–6

transparency 32, 52, 83, 85, 138–9, 441, 557

voting 4–5, 19, 63, 135–6, 139, 454, 550

UN Charter, provisions regarding use of force 90

United States, effect of relationship with 51

use of force, legitimacy of 26–31

decolonization

East Timor 348–50