Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (162 page)

45.
TP
, pp. 368–371; Andrew Scobell,
China's Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 150–151.

46.
TP
, p. 365; Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 114–120.

47.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 121–122.

48.
Ibid., pp. 114–130;
TP
, pp. 372–377.

49.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 118–120.

50.
Ibid., p. 94.

51.
Long Bow Group,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace
, video recording, produced and
directed by Richard Gordon and Carma Hinton (San Francisco: Distributed by NAATA/CrossCurrent Media, 1996); ibid., p. 145;
TP
, pp. 377–382, 389–391. Although there is consistency in these accounts, there are varying estimates as to precisely when things occurred.

52.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 133–148.

53.
TP
, pp. 383–385.

54.
George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 109.

55.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, p. 130.

56.
Ibid., p. 161.

57.
Ibid., pp. 151–169.

58.
Many of the leaders are presented on film in Long Bow Group,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace
, which was carefully researched over many years.

59.
For this section, I have drawn on the interviews of reporters by Amy Zegert, but she should not be held responsible for any of my interpretations here. For CNN coverage, see Chinoy,
China Live.

60.
Richard Madsen,
China and the American Dream: A Moral Inquiry
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), pp. 1–27.

61.
New York Times
correspondents Kristof and WuDunn reported, for example, “Those killings [June 4] may have marked the beginning of the end of Communist rule in China.” See Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn,
China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power
(New York: Times Books, 1994).

22. Standing Firm

1.
SWDXP-3
, May 31, 1989, p. 289.

2.
Ibid., p. 291.

3.
Ibid., p. 299, June 9, 1989.

4.
Ibid., pp. 294–299.

5.
Ibid., pp. 302–303, June 16, 1989.

6.
Timothy Brook,
Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 196–197.

7.
Qichen Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy
, foreword by Ezra Vogel (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), pp. 143–146; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York: Knopf, 1998), p. 414.

8.
DXPNP-2
, July 16, 1989.

9.
Ibid., June 23–24, 1989.

10.
Robert Lawrence Kuhn,
The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin
(New York: Crown, 2004), p. 173.

11.
DXPNP-2
, August 17, 1989.

12.
Ibid., September 4, 1989;
SWDXP-3
, pp. 305–311. He added that as for his burial, the simpler the better.

13.
DXPNP-2
, September 4, 1989;
SWDXP-3
, pp. 305–311.

14.
SWDXP-3
, p. 311.

15.
Ibid., p. 313.

16.
DXPNP-2
, September 16, 1989.

17.
Ibid., November 6–9, 1989.

18.
Rong Deng,
Deng Xiaoping: My Father
(New York: Basic Books, 1995), pp. 1–5.

19.
SWDXP-3
, p. 315.

20.
Observation of Michel Oksenberg, who accompanied President Nixon when he met with Deng in October 1989. This was Oksenberg's fourteenth and final time to sit in on meetings with Deng. See Michel Oksenberg, “I Remember Deng,”
Far Eastern Economic Review
, March 6, 1997, 35.

21.
George Bush,
The China Diary of George H. W. Bush: The Making of a Global President
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 461.

22.
James Lilley with Jeffrey Lilley,
China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), p. 378.

23.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, p. 93.

24.
Personal communication from Ambassador Stapleton Roy, November 2010.

25.
John H. Holdridge,
Crossing the Divide: An Insider's Account of Normalization of U.S.-China Relations
(Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1997), pp. 225–226; Lilley,
China Hands
, pp. 222–223, 378.

26.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, pp. 91–99. See also Perry Link,
Evening Chats in Beijing: Probing China's Predicament
(New York: Norton, 1992), pp. 29–38; Robert L. Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen: The Politics of U.S.-China Relations, 1989–2000
(Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003), pp. 24–28.

27.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, pp. 98–102. See also Bush,
China Diary of George H. W. Bush;
Lilley,
China Hands.

28.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, p. 102.

29.
Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy
, pp. 131–146.

30.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, p. 106.

31.
Ibid., pp. 106–111;
DXPNP-2
, July 2, 1989; Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy
, pp. 131–139. For an account of the effects of Tiananmen on U.S.-China relations, see Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen.

32.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, pp. 106–107.

33.
Ibid., p. 109. See also a report of the trip in Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen
, pp. 79–83.

34.
Interview with Eden Woon, Defense Department official who played a central role in these negotiations, December 2008.

35.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, p. 128.

36.
Ibid., p. 157.

37.
DXPNP-2
, October 31, 1989; “The United States Should Take the Initiative in Putting an End to the Strains in Sino-American Relations,”
SWDXP-3
, p. 321; Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen
, p. 81.

38.
DXPNP-2
, November 10, 1989.

39.
Lilley,
China Hands
, pp. 358–362.

40.
Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen
, p. 100.

41.
Richard Madsen,
China and the American Dream: A Moral Inquiry
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).

42.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, p. 157.

43.
DXPNP-2
, December 10, 1989; “Sino-U.S. Relations Must Be Improved,”
SWDXP-3
, pp. 338–339.

44.
Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen
, pp. 100–101.

45.
Quoted in ibid., p. 51.

46.
Bush and Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
, p. 179.

47.
Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy; DXPNP-3
, October 9, 1985; James A. R. Miles,
The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray
(Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), pp. 46–48.

48.
Zhou Rongzi, “Qi'aosaisiku he Mengbotuo biaoshi zhichi Zhongguo pingxi fan'geming baoluan” (Ceauçescu and Mobutu Express Support for China's Counterrevolutionary Rebellion),
Renmin ribao
(People's Daily), September 23, 1989, 3.

49.
Miles,
Legacy of Tiananmen
, pp. 47–48.

50.
DXPNP-2
, pp. 1303–1306.

51.
“Jiang Zemin and Li Ruihuan Interviewed by Hong Kong Journalists,” BBC
Summary of World Broadcasts
, FE/0650/B2/1, December 30, 1989.

52.
Miles,
Legacy of Tiananmen
, p. 41. This and the following paragraphs draw heavily on the work of Miles, who was in Beijing at the time closely following Chinese reactions to developments in the USSR and Eastern Europe. For a somewhat dispassionate Chinese account of developments in Eastern Europe and the USSR, see Huang Hong, ed.,
Ying daoli: Nanfang tanhua huimou
(The Hard Truth: Looking Back on the Southern Journey) (Ji'nan: Shandong renmin chubanshe, 2002), pp. 3–38.

53.
Huang Hong,
Ying daoli
, pp. 44–46.

54.
Miles,
Legacy of Tiananmen
, pp. 59–60.

55.
DXPNP-2
, August 20, 1991;
SWDXP-3
, pp. 356–357; Kuhn,
The Man Who Changed China
, pp. 206–207.

56.
DXPNP-2
, October 5, 1991.

57.
SWDXP-3
, p. 318.

58.
Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy
, pp. 170–171, 174–177.

59.
Chen Guoyan, “Deng Xiaoping dui dong'ou de zhanlüe fangzhen ji qi yiyi” (Deng Xiaoping's Strategic Policy toward Eastern Europe and Its Significance), in Wang Taiping and Zhang Guangyou, eds.,
Deng Xiaoping waijiao sixiang yanjiu lunwenji
(A Collection of Essays on Research on Deng Xiaoping's Foreign Policy Thought) (Beijing: Shijie zhishi chubanshe, 1996), pp. 270–275; Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy
, pp. 172–174.

60.
“Regulations on Construction of Expensive Buildings Issued,” Xinhua General Overseas Service, September 25, 1988. For an overview of the official steps and analysis supporting austerity, see Wu Li, ed.,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingjishi, 1949–1999
(An Economic History of the People's Republic of China, 1949–1999), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongguo jingji chubanshe, 1999), 2:983–1010.

61.
Xue Muqiao, “Laoji lishi jingyan, jianjue zhixing zhili zhengdun de fangzhen” (Clearly Remember the Historical Experience, Resolutely Implement the Policy of Rectification),
Renmin ribao
(People's Daily), December 18, 1989, 6.

62.
Xinhua Domestic Broadcast in Chinese, December 26 1989, in FBIS, January 3, 1990, pp. 12–18.

63.
Suettinger,
Beyond Tiananmen
, pp. 120–125.

64.
Richard Baum,
Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping
(Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 337.

65.
See, for example,
Guangming ribao
, December 9, 1989, in FBIS, January 4, 1990, pp. 27–28.

66.
Simon Long in the Economist Intelligence Unit, May 1992, quoted by Miles,
Legacy of Tiananmen
, pp. 62, 326.

67.
The Chinese term for patriotism,
aiguozhuyi
, literally means “love for the country.” Since China officially is composed of many ethnic groups (
minzu
, sometimes translated as nationalities), China did not use the term
minzuzhuyi
, which is translated as nationalism but literally means “love for one's nationality.”