Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (161 page)

6.
Dong Fureng, ed.,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
(An Economic History of the PRC), 2 vols. (Beijing: Jingji kexue chubanshe, 1999), 2:348.

7.
Ogden et al.,
China's Search for Democracy
, pp. 57–58, 87–88.

8.
Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn,
China Wakes: The Struggle for the Soul of a Rising Power
(New York: Times Books, 1994), p. 78.

9.
LPLSRJ
, April 18, 1989.

10.
Ibid., April 18, 19, 20, 1989.

11.
Liu, Ruan, and Xu,
Tell the World What Happened in China and Why
, p. 9.

12.
Interview with Yao Jianfu, November 2006; Ogden et al.,
China's Search for Democracy
, pp. 95–96, and Oksenberg, Sullivan, and Lambert,
Beijing Spring, 1989
, pp. 27–28, are based on reports by students who were unaware that NPC members met with the petitioners. See also Baum,
Burying Mao
, pp. 248–249; Saich,
The Chinese People's Movement
, pp. 165–166.

13.
As reported by Yang Jisheng in an interview with Zhao Ziyang on December 16, 1993. See Yang Jisheng,
Zhongguo gaige niandai de zhengzhi douzheng
(Political Struggles during the Period of China's Reform) (Hong Kong: Excellent Culture Press, 2004), extracts translated in Qiren Mei, ed., “Three Interviews with Zhao Ziyang,”
Chinese Law and Government
38, no. 3 (May–June 2005). This was reported as well by Zhao Ziyang's close work associate Sun Changjiang in “Zhao Ziyang koushu yu Hu Yaobang guanxi” (Zhao Ziyang on His Relations with Hu Yaobang),
Dongxiang
, no. 5 (2006): 28–32. Also see Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 6–7.

14.
TP
, p. 55; Oksenberg, Sullivan, and Lambert,
Beijing Spring, 1989
, p. xvi. There are no official records of the number of people in the square at various times, and there are very different estimates regarding the size of the crowds, the exact time of day that events occurred, and the number of universities represented in the association. I have used as estimates of the size of the crowds the near consensus of several observers.

15.
LPLSRJ
, April 23, 1989.

16.
Ibid.

17.
Ibid., April 24, 1989.

18.
Ibid., April 25, 1989;
TP
, pp. 78–79; Larry M. Wortzel, “Review:
Quelling the People,” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
, no. 31 (January 1994): 125; Timothy Brook,
Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), pp. 39–40; Kristof and Wu-Dunn,
China Wakes
, p. 79.

19.
Renmin ribao
(People's Daily) editorial, April 26, 1989; Domestic Radio 0930 GMT, FBIS, April 25, 1989, pp. 23–24.

20.
TP
, pp. 76, 80–81.

21.
Saich,
The Chinese People's Movement
, p. 167; Long Bow Group,
The Gate of Heavenly Peace.

22.
TP
, pp. 95–96.

23.
Ibid., pp. 86–95.

24.
Interview with Liu Binyan, June 1989.

25.
LPLSRJ
, April 23, 1989.

26.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 5–9.

27.
TP
, p. 74.

28.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 8–14.

29.
Ibid., pp. 100, 107–108.

30.
Reprinted in Oksenberg, Sullivan, and Lambert,
Beijing Spring, 1989
, pp. 244–251.

31.
It is not required that presentations to a foreign audience be cleared by other leaders, but given the tensions at the time, Zhao's failure to consult with others heightened the sense that he was not acting in accordance with the will of the other members of the Politburo Standing Committee. According to
TP
, p. 108, Zhao had in fact distributed a draft to the members of the Politburo Standing Committee on May 1.

32.
Reprinted in Oksenberg, Sullivan, and Lambert,
Beijing Spring, 1989
, pp. 254–256.

33.
Reprinted in ibid., pp. 69–70.

34.
TP
, p. 154.

35.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, p. 37.

36.
Ogden et al.,
China's Search for Democracy
, pp. 215–217.

37.
For the statement and signatories, see Han,
Cries for Dem
ocracy, pp. 207–208. For analysis, see Tsou, “The Tiananmen Tragedy,” p. 308.

38.
David Zweig, “The Hunger Strike: From Protest to Uprising,” in Ogden et al.,
China's Search for Democracy
, pp. 194–195, especially n29;
TP
, p. 176.

39.
TP
, p. 202.

40.
Interview with Yao Jianfu, November 2006.

41.
Lilley,
China Hands
, p. 301.

42.
Qichen Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy
, foreword by Ezra Vogel (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), pp. 1–31.

43.
George Bush and Brent Scowcroft,
A World Transformed
(New York: Knopf, 1998), pp. 91–96;
DXPNP-2
, February 26, 1989.

44.
Shen Zhihua, who examined the documents carefully, concludes that this was what Deng actually said to Gorbachev. The official record of the meeting reports that Deng said that the original arguments included “some empty words.”

45.
Qian,
Ten Episodes in China's Diplomacy
, pp. 29–31.

46.
Tsou, “The Tiananmen Tragedy,” p. 306.

47.
TP
, p. 173.

48.
Oksenberg, Sullivan, and Lambert,
Beijing Spring, 1989
, p. 261.

49.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 35–44.

50.
LPLSRJ
, May 16, 1989.

51.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, p. 48.

52.
Discussion with Wang Dan and other leaders of the student movement, August 2007.

53.
TP
, p. 194.

54.
Ibid., pp. 163–175.

21. The Tiananmen Tragedy

1.
Ziyang Zhao,
Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang
, trans. and ed. Bao Pu, Renee Chiang, and Adi Ignatius (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), p. 27.

2.
Timothy Brook,
Quelling the People: The Military Suppression of the Beijing Democracy Movement
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 34.

3.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 27–28.

4.
LPLSRJ
, May 17, 1989, available in the Fairbank Collection, Fung Library, Harvard University.

5.
James Lilley with Jeffrey Lilley,
China Hands: Nine Decades of Adventure, Espionage, and Diplomacy in Asia
(New York: PublicAffairs, 2004), p. 309.

6.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 28–29; Li Peng's accounts of these meetings relate the events from the view of one who was critical of Zhao's reluctance to do what was necessary to restore order; see
LPLSRJ
, May 17, 18, 19, 1989.

7.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 25–34; interviews with Zhao's daughter, Wang Yannan, October 2006, July 2007.

8.
From Beijing TV Service, reported in FBIS, May 19, 1989, pp. 13–14, reprinted in Michel Oksenberg, Lawrence R. Sullivan, and Mark Lambert, eds.,
Beijing Spring, 1989, Confrontation and Conflict: The Basic Documents
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), pp. 288–290; Mike Chinoy,
China Live: Two Decades in the Heart of the Dragon
(Atlanta: Turner Publishing, 1997), p. 217; Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 42–43.

9.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 27–34.

10.
TP
, p. 277.

11.
Zhao,
Prisoner of the State
, pp. 48–87.

12.
LPLSRJ
, May 18, 1989.

13.
Ibid., May 19, 20, 1989.

14.
TP
, p. 222.

15.
LPLSRJ
, May 20, 1989.

16.
Sandra Burton in an interview with Amy Zegert. I am deeply indebted to Amy Zegert, who granted me access to the twenty-three interviews she conducted for the Shorenstein Center, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, with correspondents who covered Beijing in 1989.

17.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 48–78. Brook had been in Beijing before June 4 and returned after June 4 to carry out extensive interviews about the role of the military. For a review of this book by a U.S. military attaché in Beijing at the time, see Larry M. Wortzel, “Review:
Quelling the People,” Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs
, no. 31 (January 1994): 123–126.

18.
LPLSRJ
, May 22, 1989.

19.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 43–77.

20.
TP
, p. 265.

21.
LPLSRJ
, May 21, 1989.

22.
Ibid., May 19, 25, 1989.

23.
TP
, pp. 277–279, 291.

24.
Ibid., p. 305.

25.
LPLSRJ
, May 31, 1989.

26.
Ibid., May 19, 1989.

27.
TP
, pp. 297, 308–314.

28.
LPLSRJ
, May 31, 1989.

29.
TP
, pp. 323–328. An alternate translation of Deng's explanation is found in Oksenberg, Sullivan, and Lambert,
Beijing Spring, 1989
, pp. 333–338.

30.
Robert Lawrence Kuhn,
The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin
(New York: Crown, 2004). Though this is not a scholarly work, it is mostly accurate in the information it reports.

31.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 87–88.

32.
TP
, p. 319.

33.
Ibid., pp. 288–289.

34.
Melanie Manion, “Introduction: Reluctant Duelists,” in Oksenberg, Sullivan, and Lambert,
Beijing Spring, 1989
, p. xl.

35.
Interview with his daughter, Deng Lin, July 2007.

36.
When I met with Liu Binyan during the last week of May, he predicted a bloody incident because he believed that Deng wanted to intimidate the public.

37.
Interview with Jiang Zemin, November 2006.

38.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 73–74, 80.

39.
Ibid., pp. 89–91.

40.
TP
, pp. 359–362.

41.
Ibid., pp. 353–354.

42.
LPLSRJ
, June 3, 1989.

43.
TP
, pp. 368–369.

44.
Brook,
Quelling the People
, pp. 108–113.