Former People: The Final Days of the Russian Aristocracy (68 page)

10
. KNA, 29, 1–7; 34; 47, 9; 129; TsGAMO, 66.1.7906, 1–6; 2157.1.522, 15, 93, 94, 99; 4341.1.259, 159–59ob;
SVS
, 397.

11
.
Okhrana i restavratsiia
, 24; “Russkaia usad’ba,” 145, 155; Poliakova, “Usadebnaia kul’tura,” 119.

12
. Shumikhin, “Konets.”

13
. Alekseeva, “Velikii terpelivets,” 26–27.

14
. Hughes,
Sophia
, 242–59.

15
. ABM; author interview with Yevdokia Sheremeteva, March 14, 2009.

16
.
SH
, 2:147; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 380.

17
. ABM; NIOR RGB, 369.367.19, 1–6; 369.367.20, 1–3; 369.367.21, 1–2; 369.224.59, 1–9; 667.7.14, 1–1ob, 41–41ob; 667.4.5, 40; 369.328.5, 1; Smith,
The Pearl
; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 380.

18
.
SVS
, 353; MVG/M, 65; Alekseeva, “Velikii terpelivets,” 27.

19
. OGSh, 130–31;
SH
, 3:382.

20
.
SVS
, 347–52;
SH
, 2:152; RGALI, 195.1.6552a, 6.

20:
OUTCASTS

1
.
ZU
, 459–63.

2
. Ibid., 451–56;
PG
, 423–25;
OPR
, 71;
KhiG
11, pt. 1 (2004): 138. Not all sources agree on the date of his firing.

3
.
ZU
, 390, 459–65, 507.

4
. Ibid., 498–501.

5
. Ibid., 511–19.

6
. Ibid., 470–94;
OPR
, 401.

7
.
ZU
, 520–29; Raevskii,
Piat’ vekov
, 388.

8
. AVT/V, 1:21–22.

9
.
Komsomol’skaia pravda
, no. 111, May 15, 1928, 4; Smirnova,
“. . . pod,”
73, 254; Prishvin,
Dnevniki, 1936–37
, 565.

10
.
Komsomol’skaia pravda
, no. 113, May 17, 1928, 6. Uppercase letters as in the original.

11
. Smirnova,
“. . . pod,”
73–75, 142–43, 180–87;
ZU
, 578–79.

12
. Smirnova, “
. . . pod,”
247–49, 258–59;
ZU
, 558; letter of January 19, 1933, Golitsyn Family Papers, box 1, HIA; Rowan-Hamilton,
Under
, 63; Osokina,
Our Daily
, 123–24; idem,
Zoloto
; Fitzpatrick,
Everyday
, 57–58.

13
. Smirnova,
“. . . pod,”
258–59; AVT/V, 1:120, 122n.6.

14
. AVT/V, 1:52.

15
. Prishvin,
Dnevniki, 1930–31
, 68, 71.

16
. Varlamov,
Prishvin
, 307, and photo caption between pp. 192–93.

17
. AVT/V, 1:13–14, 16, 22–23.

18
.
ZU
, 529–39; Schmemann,
Echoes
, 258–66; Likachev,
Vospominaniia
, 153, 200, 262–63; Solzhenitsyn,
Gulag
, 2:44–45; TAS, 480–81;
OPR
, 302.

19
.
ZU
, 531–32, 599; Kuz’mina,
Kniaz’ Shakhovskoi
, 273, 313, 331–32;
KhiG
5 (1999): 104–106.

21:
THE MOUSE, THE KEROSENE, AND THE MATCH

1
. See the articles by N. Fedorov in
BP
, 2:32–42; 8:219–60; 4:12–21. Shalamov,
Vishera
, 37.

2
. Khlevniuk,
History
, 102, 114–16.

3
.
BP
, 2:32–42; 7:45–52.

4
. Von Meck,
As I
, 398–404.

5
. Solzhenitsyn,
Gulag
, 2:293–303.

6
. ZVG, 3:99; MVG/M, 106.

7
. ZVG, 5:84; MVG/M, 105, 110.

8
. ZVG, 3:99; MVG/M, 184;
OPR
, 406; ABM.

9
.
BP,
7:53–59.

10
.
PG
, 396;
ZU
, 659–60; MVG/M, 24; VMG/D, 355–56.

11
. MVG/M, 129, 134;
KhiG
4, pt. 1 (1997): 97–98;
KhiG
1 (1996): 147; letter, June 4, 1939, in Golitsyn Family Papers, box 1, HIA.

12
. AVG/M: I. M. Barnes epilogue, 67, and M. Dakserhoff and I. M. Barnes, “Natasha Goes to Hollywood”;
PG
, 451–55; Muratov,
Rod
, 87; obituaries for Alexander Golitzen:
Guardian
, August 22, 2005,
New York Times
, August 20, 2005.

13
. MVG/M, 87, 138–42.

14
. Ibid., 69–72; Kaufman,
Pervaia Turandot
, 115, 219–20, 393; Elagin,
Ukroshchenie
, 48–54, 157, 175, 182;
DS
2 (1995): 273; ABM; Krasko,
Tri veka
, 394.

15
.
KhiG
11, pt. 1 (2004): 138–39;
KhiG
1 (1996): 152–53;
ZU
, 689–91; AVT/V, 1:42–43; Taylor,
Stalin’s Apologist
, 177–79; ZVG, 3:96; Khlevniuk,
History
, 37–39. On the Urusovs, see Urusova,
Materinskii plach
.

16
. AVT/V, 1:40–41.

17
. Ashnin,
Delo
; AVT/V, 1:32–43.

18
. AVT/V, 2:1–2, 4–9, 11; V. S. Trubetskoi, “Pis’ma.”

19
. AVT/V, 2:1–5, 16–25, 39–40; V. S. Trubetskoi, “Pis’ma”; Fusso,
Russian Prince
, xv–xviii, 107–43. Prishvin,
Dnevniki, 1938–39
, 264.

20
. MVG/M, 112.

21
.
ZU
, 683–94, 734–35;
KhiG
1 (1996): 148–49; letter, March 1934, Golitsyn Family Papers, box 1, HIA; Fusso,
Russian Prince
, 110.

22
.
ZU
, 665–66, 687–88;
KhiG
5 (1998): 107–109.

23
.
ZU
, 709–11; MVG/M, 92; ZVG, 5:86.

24
. ZVG, 5:79.

25
. MVG/M, 111–12.

26
. I. V. Golitsyn, “Otets,” 89.

27
.
ZU
, 712–13; ZVG, 5:83–84;
KhiG
1 (1996): 153–54.

28
. ZVG, 5:79.

22:
ANNA
’
S FORTUNE

1
.
KHiG
7 (2000): 294;
OPR
, 23; ABM.

2
.
KHiG
7 (2000): 294–95.

3
.
OPR
, 23; NIOR RGB, 369.328.4, 19–20ob; ABM.

4
.
OPR
, 23, 405–06; ABM.

5
.
SH
, 2:152.

6
. NIOR RGB, 667.6.4, 1–7; 667.5.1, 1–7b ob; 667.4.2, 3. The dates of the letters contradict on the precise chronology of their arrests and banishment. I have tried to reconstruct as best as possible the likeliest order of events.

7
. NIOR RGB, 667.5.1, 19.

8
. Ibid., 667.4.1, 1, 11, 13.

9
. Ibid., 667.6.4, 10–11ob.

10
. Ibid., 667.5.3, 7–18ob.

11
. Ibid., 667.5.3, 68–68ob.

12
. Ibid., 667.5.3, 24–29.

13
. Ibid., 667.5.3, 63–68ob.

14
. Ibid., 667.6.9, 22–27ob.

15
. Ibid., 667.4.3, 1–13ob.

16
. Ibid., 667.4.2, 29–38ob.

17
. Ibid., 667.5.3, 61ob.

18
. Ibid., 667.5.3, 26–35ob.

19
. Ibid., 38–43ob.

20
. Ibid., 49–62.

21
. Ibid,, 667.4.2, 2, 6, 10, 25; 667.6.9, 1; 369.328.4, 3–5ob;
KhiG
7 (2000): 295–96.

22
. ABM; Iudin,
Zamok
, 59–60; NIOR RGB, 667.6.14, 58–58ob; 667.7.3;
KhiG
7 (2000): 296–97; “Dukhom ne ugasavhie,”
Rossiiskie vesti
(July 19–26). Accessed online, April 22, 2011.

23
. ABM; NIOR RGB, 667.5.4, 27–28ob; 667.6.9, 7–10; 667.6.10, 1–2; 667.5.5, 48, 71–73ob, 84–87ob, 118–18ob; 667.6.4, 17.

24
. TAS, 502; NIOR RGB, 667.7.14.

25
.
KhiG
7 (2000): 297; NIOR RGB, 667.5.6, 3; 667.6.4, l. 20; Kosik,
Molitva
, 1–24;
OPR
, 481. Sources disagree on when the Saburovs were sent from Ivanovo, though those, chiefly Boris’s letters, dating it to September seem the most reliable.

26
. NIOR RGB, 667.6.1, 3–4ob; ABM;
OPR
, 481.

27
. NIOR RGB, 667.5.6, 4–5ob.

28
. Ibid., 667.6.4, 43–44ob.

29
.
KhiG
7 (2000), 297–98; NIOR RGB, 667.6.13, l. 32–32ob; 667.4.6, 41.

30
. NIOR RGB, 667.5.6, 34–62ob; 667.7.10, 1; ABM.

31
. NIOR RGB, 667.7.9, 1–2ob.

32
. Ibid., 667.5.7, 4–44ob; 667.5.8, 1–17;
OPR
, 481;
KhiG
7 (2000): 298–99.

33
. Ibid., 667.6.9, 13–16ob.

34
. Ibid., 667.4.4, 5–6ob.

35
. Ibid., 19–26ob.

36
. Kosik,
Molitva
, 274n61.

37
. ABM; NIOR RGB, 667.6.13, 49–50ob; 667.6.17, 37–37ob;
KhiG
7 (2000): 298–99.

38
. NIOR RGB, 667.6.13, 1–8ob.

39
. Ibid., 13–22ob, 27ob; 667.6.5, 1–5ob; ABM.

40
. Ibid., 667.6.12, 1.

41
. Ibid., 667.6.13, 21–27ob; 667.7.1, 69–69ob.

42
. Ibid., 667.4.4, 28–29ob, 31–36ob; 667.6.5, 11ob–13.

43
. Ibid., 667.6.13, 25–27ob, 30–32ob, 36–39, 49–50ob.

23:
HAPPY TIMES

1
. Fitzpatrick,
Everyday
, 90;
Komsomol’skaia pravda
, no. 191, August 28, 1935, 4.

2
. Fitzpatrick,
Everyday
, 6–7, 93–95; Kamenskii,
Deviatyi vek
, 177–78.

3
. Fitzpatrick,
Everyday
, 130–32; idem,
Tear Off
, 40–42; Smirnova,
Byvshie liudi
, 10, 230–37, 267; Chuikina,
Dvorianskaia pamiat’
, 56–58; Alexopoulos,
Stalin’s Outcasts
, 181–82; Stalin,
Doklad
, 10.

4
. Paley,
Memories
, 195–96, 253–55; Fen,
Remember
, 290–93; Fitzpatrick,
Everyday
, 95–106; Service,
Spies
, 331–32.

5
. Ciliberti,
Backstairs
, 44–45, 110, 116; Tzouliadis,
Forsaken
, 142; e-mail communication from Ruzica Popovitch-Krekic, June 4, 2008.

6
. KNG, 360–65; Sebag Montefiore,
Court
, 64–66;
ZU
, 12, 66–67; Volkogonov,
Trotsky
, 213–14.

7
. Fitzpatrick,
Everyday
, 105.

8
. Rowan-Hamilton,
Under
, 53–44.

9
. OGSh, 132–34.

10
. Abbe,
I Photograph
, 182–83, 222–33; Tzouliadis,
Forsaken
, 53–54; Iudin,
Zamok
, 60; Kovaleva,
Staraia Moskva
, 76–81, 89–90.

11
. OGSh, 122; ABM.

12
. OGSh, 109–10.

13
. Tolstoy,
I Worked
, 102–103.

14
. Iudin,
Zamok
, 208.

15
. P. A. Obolensky, “Semeinye zapiski,” 176: 186; Shcherbatov,
Pravo
, 40–41.

16
. Merridale,
Night
, 173–75.

17
. Ignat’ev,
50 let
, 736–38; Ignatieff,
Russian Album
, 17, 80, 97, 145–46, 178;
Bol’shaia sovetskaia entsiklopediia
, s.v. “Ignat’ev, A. A.”

18
. Muggeridge,
Winter
, 219; idem,
Like It Was
, 24, 50–52, 65, 69, 273; G. Smith,
D. S. Mirsky: A Russian
, xiii, 18–19, 209–10, 224–27, 291–92, 316–18.

19
. Terras,
Handbook
, s.v. “Tolstoi, A. N.”; Lyons,
Assignment
, 587; Elagin,
Ukroshchenie
, 140–44, 175. On other noble returnees, see Dubinets,
Kniaz’
; Zinovieff,
Red Princess
.

24:
POISONOUS SNAKES AND THE AVENGING SWORD: OPERATION FORMER PEOPLE

1
. ZVG, 4:87.

2
. The most accurate investigation of the killing is Lenoe,
Kirov
.

3
. Khlevniuk,
History
, 88; Boterbloem,
Life
, 126–27.

4
. Shearer,
Policing
, 215–18.

5
.
OPR
, 298.

6
. Ivanov, “Operatsiia,” 118; idem, “Bvyshie liudi,” 72.

7
. Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 533.

8
. Ivanov, “Byvshie liudi,” 71.

9
.
Leningradskaia pravda
, no. 33, February 8, 1935, 2; no. 45, February 22, 1935.

10
. See Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 540–49; Alexopoulos,
Stalin’s Outcasts
, 180–81; Sarah Davies, “ ‘Us Against Them’: Social Identity in Soviet Russia, 1934–41,” in
Stalinism
, ed. Fitzpatrick, 51, 65.

11
. Ivanov, “Operatsiia,” 121, 126–27; Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 530, 534; Boterbloem,
Life
, 126–27.

12
. Quoted in Rimmel, “Microcosm,” 547–48n.138.

13
.
Leningradskaia pravda
, no. 45, February 22, 1935, 3–4; no. 47, February 24, 3; no. 48, February 26, 3; no. 51, March 1, 3; no. 57, March 9, 1935, 3;
Smena
, no. 67, March 22, 2; no. 70, March 26, 3.