Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (146 page)

31.
Robert Norrell, "Caste in Steel: Jim Crow Careers in Birmingham, Alabama,"
Journal of American History
, 73 (Dec. 1966), 669–701.

32.
F. Ray Marshall,
Labor in the South
(Cambridge, Mass., 1967); Philip Taft,
Organizing Dixie: Alabama Workers in the Industrial Era
(Westport, Conn., 1981); Lichtenstein, "Corporatism"; Ira Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?," in Fraser and Gerstle, eds.,
Rise and Fall
, 185–211.

33.
David Oshinsky, "Labor's Civil War: The CIO and the Communists," in Robert Griffith and Athan Theoharis, eds.,
The Specter: Original Essays on the Cold War and the Origins of McCarthyism
(New York, 1974), 116–51.

34.
Zieger,
American Workers
, 123–27.

35.
Ibid., 131; Richard Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible: Class, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States Since
1938 (New York, 1980), 106.

36.
William Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
(New York, 1991), 107.

37.
Steven Gillon,
Politics and Vision: The ADA and American Liberalism
, 1947–1985 (New York, 1987), 3–32; Harvey Levenstein,
Communism, Anti-Communism, and the CIO
(Westport, Conn., 1981); and Mary Sperling McAuliffe,
Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberalism
, 1947–1954 (Amherst, Mass., 1978). See
chapter 7
for fuller discussion of the postwar Red Scare.

38.
Sidney Milkis,
The President and the Parties: The Transformation of the American Party System Since the New Deal
(New York, 1993).

39.
Herbert Stein,
The Fiscal Revolution in America
(Chicago, 1969), 194–96.

40.
Robert Collins,
The Business Response to Keynes
, 1929–1964 (New York, 1981); Byrd Jones, "The Role of Keynesians in Wartime Policy and Postwar Planning, 1940–1946,"
American Economic Review
, 62 (1972), 125–33.

41.
317 U.S. 111 (1942).

42.
Richard Adelstein, "The Nation as an Economic Unit: Keynes, Roosevelt, and the Management Ideal,"
Journal of American History
, 78 (June 1991), 160–87.

43.
C. Eugene Steuerle,
The Tax Decade: How Taxes Came to Dominate the Public Agenda
(Washington, 1992), 13–15; John Witte,
The Politics and Management of the Federal Income Tax
(Madison, 1985), 252.

44.
Barton Bernstein, "The Road to Watergate and Beyond: The Growth and Abuse of Executive Authority Since 1940,"
Law and Contemporary Problems
, 40 (Spring 1976), 58–76.

45.
John Blum, V
Was for Victory: Politics and American Culture During World War II
(New York, 1976), 122.

46.
Howell Harris,
The Right to Manage: Industrial Relations Policies of American Business in the
1940s (Madison, 1982).

47.
Robert Griffith, "Forging America's Postwar Order: Domestic Politics and Political Economy in the Age of Truman," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 64–66. Businessman cited is William Barton.

48.
Frank Levy,
Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution
(New York, 1987), 23–44.

49.
Brinkley,
End of Reform
, 227–71.

50.
On these points see David Potter,
People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character
(Chicago, 1954); and Gordon Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 313.

51.
Brian Balogh, "Reorganizing the Organizational Synthesis: Federal-Professional Relations in Modern America,"
Studies in American Political Development
, 5 (Spring 1991), 119–72; Katznelson, "Was the Great Society a Lost Opportunity?"

52.
Theodore Lowi,
The End of Liberalism
(New York, 1979); Samuel Lubell,
The Future of American Politics
(New York, 1952).

1.
Daniel Yankelovich,
The New Morality
(New York, 1974), 166.

2.
Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: The Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 155; Morris Janowitz,
The Last Half-Century: Societal Change and Politics in America
(Chicago, 1978), 411–12; Richard Easterlin,
Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare
(New York, 1980), 32–34.

3.
Immigration between 1932 and 1945 had ranged from a low of 23,068 in 1933 to a high of 82,998 in 1939. It rose in the late 1940s, but only to a high of 188,317 in 1949.

4.
Charles Silberman,
Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice
(New York, 1978), 30–33; Landon Jones,
Great Expectations: America and the Baby Boom Generation
(New York, 1980), 144.

5.
Frank Levy,
Dollars and Dreams: The Changing American Income Distribution
(New York, 1987), 25; Robert Collins, "Growth Liberalism in the Sixties," in David Farber, ed.,
The Sixties: From Memory to History
(Chapel Hill, 1994), 11–15; James Patterson,
America's Struggle Against Poverty
, 1900–1994 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 78–96.

6.
Kirkpatrick Sale,
Power Shift: The Rise of the Southern Rim and Its Challenge to the Eastern Establishment
(New York, 1975), 20–21; Marty Jezer,
The Dark Ages: Life in the United States
, 1945–1960 (Boston, 1982), 55.

7.
Alfred Chandler, "The Competitive Performance of U.S. Industrial Enterprises Since the Second World War,"
Business History Review
, 68 (Spring 1994), 1–72.

8.
Figures in current dollars, from
Statistical History of the United States, from Colonial Times to the Present
(New York, 1976), 1105.

9.
Richard Nelson and Gavin Wright, "The Rise and Fall of American Technological Leadership: The Postwar Era in Historical Perspective,"
Journal of Economic Literature
, 30 (Dec. 1992), 1931–64.

10.
Levy,
Dollars and Dreams
, 48; Thomas Edsall,
The New Politics of Inequality
(New York, 1984), 213–14.

11.
Janowitz,
Last Half-Century
, 155.

12.
Gordon Wood,
The Radicalism of the American Revolution
(New York, 1992), 234.

13.
Herbert Gans,
The Urban Villagers: Group and Class in the Life of Italian-Americans
(New York, 1962), x, 122–25, 181–86, 250–55.

14.
See David Brody, "The Old Labor History and the New: In Search of an American Working Class,"
Labor History
, 20 (1979), 111–26.

15.
Claude Fischer, "Ambivalent Communities: How Americans Understand Their Localities," in Alan Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
(Berkeley, 1991), 79–90.

16.
Carole Shammas, "A New Look at Long-Term Trends in Wealth Inequality in the United States,"
American Historical Review
, 98 (April 1993), 412–31; Isabel Sawhill and Mark Condon, "Is U.S. Inequality Really Growing?,"
Policy Bites
(Urban Institute, Washington, 1992); James Patterson, "Poverty and the Distribution of Income and Wealth in Twentieth-Century America," in Stanley Kutler, ed.,
Encyclopedia of the United States in the Twentieth Century
(New York, 1995); Christopher Jencks,
Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty, and the Underclass
(Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 6–7.

17.
James Patterson,
The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture
(Cambridge, Mass., 1987), 141–44.

18.
Newsweek
, Aug. 13, 1945.

19.
Richard Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible: Class, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States Since
1938 (New York, 1980), 20–21.

20.
These were complaints by advocates for teachers. Opponents rejoined that teachers did not work a full year and that they were often poorly trained themselves.

21.
Diane Ravitch,
The Troubled Crusade: American Education, 1945–1980
(New York, 1983), 3–7, 324.

22.
GI stood for Government Issue—clothing and equipment for military personnel in the war.

23.
Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 14; Joseph Goulden,
The Best Years
, 1945–1950 (New York, 1976), 55–60.

24.
Quotes of Clark Kerr, head of University of California, Berkeley, in Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 183.

25.
Stuart Leslie,
The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at M.I.T. and Stanford
(New York, 1993).

26.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 265.

27.
Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 68.

28.
Fred Siegel,
Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan
(New York, 1984), 93.

29.
J. Ronald Oakley,
God's Country: America in the Fifties
(New York, 1986), 9.

30.
Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible
, 130. There were also 8.6 million trucks registered in 1950.

31.
Russell Jacoby,
The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe
(New York, 1987), 40–42.

32.
Jon Teaford,
The Twentieth-Century American City: Problem, Promise, and Reality
(Baltimore, 1986), 100–101.

33.
William O'Neill,
American High: The Years of Confidence, 1945–1960
(New York, 1986), 15–18.

34.
Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible
, 131; O'Neill,
American High
, 17.

35.
Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible
, 132–34; Teaford,
Twentieth-Century American City
, 102; Alexander Boulton, "The Buy of the Century,"
American Heritage
, July/Aug. 1993, pp. 62–69.

36.
Kenneth Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States
(New York, 1985), 58–64.

37.
Peter Muller,
Contemporary Sub/Urban America
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1981), 51; Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible
, 128.

38.
Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier
, 62–64.

39.
Lewis Mumford,
The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformation, and Its Prospects
(New York, 1961), 486.