Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (148 page)

49.
Wilson Miscamble,
George F. Kennan and the Making of American Foreign Policy
, 1947–1950 (Princeton, 1992); Charles Bohlen,
Witness to History
, 1929–1969 (New York, 1973).

50.
Godfrey Hodgson,
America in Our Time
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976), 144.

51.
May, "Cold War and Defense," 10–14.

52.
Melvyn Leffler, A
Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War
(Stanford, 1992), 179.

53.
Frank Ninkovich, "The End of Diplomatic History?,"
Diplomatic History
, 15 (Summer 1991), 439–48; John Gaddis, "The Tragedy of Cold War History," ibid., 17 (Winter 1993), 1–16.

54.
Gaddis,
Strategies
, 355; Leffler,
Preponderance
, 51–54; John Thompson, "America's Cold War in Retrospect,"
Historical Journal
, 37 (1994), 745–55.

55.
Ninkovich, "End of Diplomatic History?"

1.
The meeting is often described. See Stephen Ambrose,
Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since
1938, 4th rev. ed. (New York, 1985), 61–63; William Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
(New York, 1991), 57; and John Gaddis, "The Insecurities of Victory: The United States and the Perception of the Soviet Threat After World War II," in Michael Lacey, ed.,
The Truman Presidency
(Washington, 1989), 235–72.

2.
Harry Truman,
Memoirs of Harry S. Truman
, Vol. 1,
Year of Decisions
(Garden City, N.Y., 1955), 77–82.

3.
Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 60.

4.
Alonzo Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism
(New York, 1973), 113–15; and John Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy
(New York, 1982), 16.

5.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 115; Gaddis, "Insecurities," 251; Robert Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman and the Modern Presidency
(Boston, 1983), 52.

6.
Cited in Barton Bernstein and Allen Matusow, eds.,
The Truman Administration: A Documentary History
(New York, 1966), 25–26.

7.
Virtually the entire Japanese garrison at Okinawa—some 107,500 men—fought to the death, causing United States casualties of nearly 12,000 dead and 37,000 wounded. Another 150,000 civilians perished. See Michael Adams,
The Best War Ever: America and World War II
(Baltimore, 1994), 112; and William O'Neill, A
Democracy at War: America's Fight at Home and Abroad in World War II
(New York, 1993), 413–15.

8.
For a cogent defense of Truman's atomic policies, see Robert Maddox, "The Biggest Decision: Why We Had to Drop the Bomb,"
American Heritage
, May/June 1995, 71–76. A key revisionist account is Gar Alperovitz,
Atomic Diplomacy and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb
(New York, 1995). See also Paul Boyer, '"Some Sort of Peace': President Truman, the American People, and the Atomic Bomb," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 174–204; and Martin Sherwin, A
World Destroyed
(New York, 1975), 193–219.

9.
Caddis, "Insecurities," 251.

10.
David Robertson,
Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James F. Byrnes
(New York, 1994).

11.
John Gaddis,
The United States and the Origins of the Cold War
, 1941–1947 (New York, 1972), 347.

12.
Ernest May, "Cold War and Defense," in Keith Nelson and Robert Haycock, eds.,
The Cold War and Defense
(New York, 1990), 20.

13.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 117–19; Gaddis, "Insecurities," 251–52.

14.
Melvyn Leffler, "The American Conception of National Security and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945–1948,"
American Historical Review
, 89 (April 1984), 366–38.

15.
Fred Siegel,
Troubled Journey: From Pearl Harbor to Ronald Reagan
(New York, 1984), 39–40; William O'Neill,
American High: The Years of Confidence
, 1945–1960 (New York, 1986), 66; Gaddis,
Cold War
, 300.

16.
Robert Pollard, "The National Security State Reconsidered: Truman and Economic Containment, 1945–1950," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 210.

17.
X, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct,"
Foreign Affairs
, 25 (July 1947), 566–82.

18.
Ibid.; Caddis, "Insecurities," 262.

19.
Widely cited. See Joseph Goulden,
The Best Years
, 1945–1950 (New York, 1976), 257–58.

20.
Clark Clifford, "Serving the President: The Truman Years (2),"
New Yorker
, April 1, 1991, pp. 37–38.

21.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, 22.

22.
Henry Stimson and McGeorge Bundy,
On Active Service in Peace and War
(New York, 1948), 644; Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 63.

23.
John Diggins,
The Proud Decades: America in War and Peace
, 1941–1960 (New York, 1988), 62.

24.
Cited in Goulden,
Best Years
, 257.

25.
James Baughman,
The Republic of Mass Culture: Journalism, Filmmaking, and Broadcasting in America Since
1941 (Baltimore, 1992), 33–34.

26.
Stephen Whitfield,
The Culture of the Cold War
(Baltimore, 1991), 159–60.

27.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 258.

28.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 102.

29.
Ibid., 111.

30.
Pollard, "National Security State," 208; May, "Cold War and Defense," 29.

31.
May, "Cold War and Defense," 8.

32.
Ibid., 49; Pollard, "National Security State."

33.
Leffler, "American Conception of National Security," 379.

34.
Gaddis, "Insecurities," 265–66.

35.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 22–24.

36.
John Blum, ed.,
The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace
(Boston, 1973), 589–603; Robert Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman
, 1945–1948 (New York, 1977), 219–28.

37.
Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 126–30.

38.
As Wallace recognized (but did not say), Presidents do not have time to review lengthy speeches while Cabinet members sit across from the desk. Wallace knew that his speech defied administration policy.

39.
Robert Griffith, "Harry S. Truman and the Burden of Modernity," Reviews
in American History
, 9 (Sept. 1991), 298.

40.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 217–23.

41.
Gaddis, "Insecurities," 254.

42.
Bruce Kuniholm, "U.S. Policy in the Near East: The Triumphs and Tribulations of the Truman Age," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 299–338; Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis
, 279–91; Truman,
Memoirs
, Vol. 2,
Years of Trial and Hope
(Garden City, N.Y., 1956), 128–36; Daniel Yergin,
Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State
(Boston, 1977), 282–86.

43.
May, "Cold War and Defense," 19.

44.
Dean Acheson,
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department
(New York, 1969), 219; Wilson Miscamble, "Dean Acheson's
Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department," Reviews in American History
, 22 (Sept. 1994), 544–60.

45.
Siegel,
Troubled Journey
, 56.

46.
Bernstein and Matusow, eds.,
Truman Administration
, 251–56; Truman,
Memoirs
, 2:129–30.

47.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, 66.

48.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 269–73; Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal
, 175, 198.

49.
Steven Gillon,
Politics and Vision: The ADA and American Liberalism
, 1947–1985 (New York, 1987), 3–32.

50.
Bernstein and Matusow, eds.,
Truman Administration
, 257–60; Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis
, 133–48; Michael Hogan,
The Marshall Plan, America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe
, 1947–1952 (New York, 1987).

51.
Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman
, 71.

52.
Michael Hogan, "The Search for a 'Creative Peace': The United States, European Unity, and the Origins of the Marshall Plan,"
Diplomatic History
, 6 (Summer 1982), 284; Charles Maier, "Alliance and Autonomy: European Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy Objectives in the Truman Years," in Lacey, ed.,
Truman Presidency
, 278.

53.
Hogan, "Search."

54.
Siegel,
Troubled Journey
, 62–64.

55.
Marty Jezer,
The Dark Ages: Life in the United States
, 1945–1960 (Boston, 1982), 47.

56.
Scott Parrish, "The Turn Toward Confrontation: The Soviet Reaction to the Marshall Plan, 1947," Cold War International History Working Paper no. 9, March 1994, Woodrow Wilson Center, Washington, D.C.

57.
Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: The Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 152.

58.
Maier, "Alliance," 298.

59.
Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment
, 33–40.

60.
Clifford, "Serving (2)," 52–55.

61.
Alonzo Hamby, "Harry S. Truman: Insecurity and Responsibility," in Fred Greenstein, ed.,
Leadership in the Modern Presidency
(Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 61.

62.
Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 70; David Halberstam,
The Fifties
(New York, 1993), 19.