Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (163 page)

12.
Herbert Stein,
The Fiscal Revolution in America
(Chicago, 1969), 370; Allen Matusow,
The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960S
(New York, 1984), 33.

13.
Grant McConnell,
Steel and the Presidency
, 1962 (New York, 1963); John Blum,
Years of Discord: American Politics and Society
, 1961–1974 (New York, 1991), 59. Thomas Reeves, in A
Question of Character:
A
Life of John F. Kennedy
(New York, 1991), writes, 331, that JFK later said he was misquoted. Kennedy told a friend, "I said sons of bitches or bastards or pricks. I don't know which. But I never said anything about
all
businessmen."

14.
Stein,
Fiscal Revolution
, 384.

15.
James Sundquist,
Politics and Policy: The Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years
(Washington, 1968), 34–56; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 30–59; Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 625–34, 644–56; Seymour Harris,
Economics of the Kennedy Years, and a Look Ahead
(New York, 1964), 66–77. By late 1963 Kennedy was also persuaded by Heller, an influential adviser, to consider programs against poverty. See
chapter 18
.

16.
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 649; Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: The Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 68.

17.
Stein,
Fiscal Revolution
, 455.

18.
Michael Beschloss,
The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev
, 1960–1963 (New York, 1991), 48.

19.
Schlesinger,
Thousand Days
, 709.

20.
Blum,
Years of Discord
, 31–32.

21.
Matusow,
Unraveling
, 97–107.

22.
Grob, "Severely and Chronically Mentally 111."

23.
Cathie Martin,
Shifting the Burden: The Struggle over Growth and Corporate Taxation
(Chicago, 1991), 10–11.

24.
Charles Morris, A
Time of Passion: America, 1960–1980
(New York, 1984), 31–36.

25.
Carl Brauer,
John F. Kennedy and the Second Reconstruction
(New York, 1977), 1–86; Giglio,
Presidency of JFK
, 159–88; Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 254–59; Matusow,
Unraveling
, 60–96; Burner,
JFK and a New Generation
, 118–31.

26.
Cited in Morris Dickstein,
Gates of Eden: American Culture in the Sixties
(New York, 1977), 166.

27.
Boynton
v.
Virginia
, 364 U.S. 564 (1960).

28.
James Farmer,
Lay Bare the Heart: An Autobiography of the Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 1986), 195–203. See also Clayborne Carson,
In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s
(Cambridge, Mass., 1981), 34–37; Taylor Branch,
Parting the Waters: America in the King Years
, 1954–1963 (New York, 1989), 419–21; Robert Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound: A History of America's Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 1990), 57–63; August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A
Study in the Civil Rights Movement
(New York, 1973), chap. 5; Harvard Sitkoff,
The Struggle for Black Equality
, 1954–1992 (New York, 1993), 88–117; Howell Raines, ed.,
My Soul Is Rested: Movement Days in the Deep South Remembered
(New York, 1977), 109–30; and Anne Moody,
Coming of Age in Mississippi
(New York, 1965).

29.
Newsweek
, May 29, 1961, pp. 21–22.

30.
John Dittmer,
Local People: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Mississippi
(Urbana, 1994), 96–97.

31.
Ibid., 95.

32.
Nicholas Lemann,
The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America
(New York, 1991).

33.
Dittmer,
Local People
, 117–28, 143–58.

34.
Ibid., 107–8, 118–20; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 94–95.

35.
Dittmer,
Local People
, 105–15.

36.
Ibid.; Todd Gitlin,
The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage
(New York, 1987), 141.

37.
David Garrow,
Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference
(New York, 1986), 173–230; Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 550–57, 631.

38.
New York Times
, Jan. 31, 1993.

39.
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 557.

40.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 49.

41.
William Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
(New York, 1991), 208. Also Brauer,
JFK and the Second Reconstruction
, 311–20; Parmet,
JFK
, 260–63; and Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 254–65.

42.
Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 249.

43.
Morris,
Time of Passion
, 54.

44.
Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 587; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 53–54.

45.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 54.

46.
Farmer,
Lay Bare the Heart
, 206.

47.
David Garrow,
The FBI and Martin Luther King, Jr
. (New York, 1981); Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, 312; Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 359–61; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 140–43.

48.
Garrow,
Bearing The Cross
, 371–82; Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 566–69, 583–86, 850–62, 903–8.

49.
Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 141–43; Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 240–41, 319–21. Campbell had visited the White House some twenty times since January 1961. Kennedy was also having sex with Marilyn Monroe, whom he saw in California two days after breaking off White House phone contact with Campbell.

50.
New York Times
, July 29, 1994.

51.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 63; Dittmer,
Local People
, 93–94; Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.,
Robert F. Kennedy and His Times
(Boston, 1978), 299–302.

52.
Dittmer,
Local People
, 139–42; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 66–68; Blum,
Years of Discord
, 73–74.

53.
Victor Navasky,
Kennedy Justice
(New York, 1977), 165–69, 178–81, 185–92, 231–36; Brauer,
JFK and the Second Reconstruction
, 180–204.

54.
Newsweek
, Sept. 30, 1963, pp. 20–24; Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 68–72; Blum,
Years of Discord
, 103–9.

55.
Garrow,
Bearing the Cross
, 231–86; Raines,
My Soul Is Rested
, 139–86; Branch,
Parting the Waters
, 673–845; Aldon Morris,
The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change
(New York, 1984), 229–74; David Lewis,
King: A Biography
(Urbana, 1970), 171–209; Adam Fairclough,
Martin Luther King, Jr
. (Athens, Ga., 1995), 71–82.

56.
New York Times
, May 8, 1963;
Newsweek
, May 10, 1963, p. 19.

57.
James Baldwin,
The Fire Next Time
(New York, 1963), 127.

58.
Weisbrot,
Freedom Bound
, 72; Gitlin,
Sixties
, 129; Fairclough,
King
, 71–82.

59.
Richard Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible: Class, Race, and Ethnicity in the United States Since
1938 (New York, 1980), 188.

60.
For Wallace, see Marshall Frady,
Wallace
(New York, 1970); C. Vann Woodward, "Wallace Redeemed?,"
New York Review of Books
, Oct. 20, 1994, pp. 49–52.

61.
New York Times
, June 12, 1963; Brauer, "JFK," 125.

62.
Brauer,
John F. Kennedy
, 204–5.

63.
Dittmer,
Local People
, 165–67. Authorities arrested Byron De La Beckwith, a Citizens' Council zealot from Greenwood, on charges of murdering Evers. Beckwith avoided conviction in two trials in 1964 when white juries deadlocked. A third trial thirty years later found him guilty of murder, and Beckwith, then 73 years old, was sentenced to life in prison.

64.
Sundquist,
Politics and Policy
, 263–67.

65.
Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 310.

66.
Only a little earlier William E. B. Du Bois, long a black activist, writer, and historian, died in self-exile in Ghana. He was ninety-five. Word of his death was passed through the crowd.

67.
James Forman,
The Making of Black Revolutionaries: A Personal Account
(New York, 1972), 377–86; Reeves,
President Kennedy
, 359.

68.
New York Times
, Aug. 29, 1963.

69.
Godfrey Hodgson,
America in Our Time
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976), 160.

70.
Newsweek
, Sept. 30, 1963, pp. 20–24. Two more blacks were killed in the next few days.

1.
Cited in Michael Beschloss,
The Crisis Years: Kennedy and Khrushchev
, 1960–1963 (New York, 1991), 25. Also useful concerning JFK's foreign policies are Anna Kasten Nelson, "President Kennedy's National Security Policy: A Reconsideration,"
Reviews in American History
, 19 (March 1991), 1–14; James Giglio,
The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
(Lawrence, 1991), chaps. 4, 8, 9; Stephen Ambrose,
Rise to Globalism: American Foreign Policy Since
1938 (New York, 1988), 181–200; Herbert Parmet,
JFK: The Presidency of John F. Kennedy
(New York, 1980), chaps. 6–8; and David Burner,
John F. Kennedy and a New Generation
(Boston, 1988), 72–94.

2.
John Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy
(New York, 1982), 203–13.

3.
Thomas Paterson, ed.,
Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy
, 1961–1963 (New York, 1989).