Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (145 page)

37.
Ibid., 119.

38.
Myrdal,
American Dilemma
, 660–62; Ravitch,
Troubled Crusade
, 117.

39.
Polenberg,
One Nation Divisible
, 27–28.

40.
So widespread was this sexual mixing over the years that it calls into question the very notion of "race." But that is another story: throughout the period described in this book, most Americans took for granted the assumption that "whites" and "blacks" were of different "races."

41.
Sayre,
Running Time
, 43; Thomas Cripps,
Making Movies Black: The Hollywood Message Movie from World War II to the Civil Rights Era
(New York, 1993).

42.
William Chafe,
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II
(New York, 1991), 86–87.

43.
These are estimations of "literacy" used by the census, in
Statistical History
, 364–65, 382. One may quibble a bit with the percentages—definitions differed some over time—but the trend was unmistakable and remarkable. For historical background, see James Anderson,
The Education of Blacks in the South
, 1860–1935 (Chapel Hill, 1988), esp. 148–85.

44.
Kenneth Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States
(New York, 1985), 279.

45.
Hirsch,
Making the Second Ghetto
, 175–79.

46.
Ibid., 30–31; Peter Muller,
Contemporary Sub/Urban America
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1981), 89–92. The case was
Shelley
v.
Kraemer
, 334 U.S. 1 (1948).

47.
Hirsch,
Making the Second Ghetto
, 13–15, 214–15.

48.
Ibid., 24–28.

49.
Ann Petry,
The Street
(Boston, 1946), 388.

50.
Use of "ethnic" here includes English-American.

51.
Hirsch,
Making the Second Ghetto
, 40–67.

52.
Thomas Sugrue, "The Structures of Urban Poverty: The Reorganization of Space and Work in Three Periods of American History," in Michael Katz, ed.,
The "Underclass" Debate: Views from History
(Princeton, 1993), 85–117.

53.
Lemann,
Promised Land
, 74–76.

54.
Charles Hamilton,
Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.: The Political Biography of an American Dilemma
(New York, 1991).

55.
Robert Garson,
The Democratic Party and the Politics of Sectionalism
, 1941–1948 (Baton Rouge, 1974).

56.
Oakley,
God's Country
, 12.

57.
Melvin Ely,
The Adventures of Amos 'n' Andy: A Social History of an American Phenomenon
(New York, 1991), 245–47; Joseph Boskin,
Sambo: The Rise and Demise of an American Jester
(New York, 1986), 176–97.

58.
The radio popularity of the Lone Ranger, who was aided by a mostly deferential Tonto, an Indian, suggests other contemporary uses of racial and ethnic stereotypes.

59.
For excellent interpretations, see Arlene Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise: The American Family in an Age of Uncertainty
(New York, 1991); William Chafe,
The Paradox of Change: American Women in the 20th Century
(New York, 1991); and Carl Degler,
At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present
(New York, 1980).

60.
Chafe,
Paradox
, 172. See also Karen Anderson,
Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relations, and the Status of Women During World War II
(Westport, Conn., 1981); and D'Ann Campbell,
Women at War in America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era
(Cambridge, Mass., 1984).

61.
Degler,
At Odds
, 420–21.

62.
Cynthia Harrison,
On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945–1968
(Berkeley, 1988), 4–5.

63.
James Davidson and Mark Lytle,
After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection
(New York, 1986), 310.

64.
Diggins,
Proud Decades
, 25–27.

65.
Degler,
At Odds
, 420–21.

66.
Harrison,
On Account of Sex
, 23–35.

67.
Oakley,
God's Country
, 31.

68.
Griswold v. Connecticut
, 381 U.S. 479 (1965).

69.
John D'Emilio and Estelle Freedman,
Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America
(New York, 1988), 253.

70.
New York, 1947. Many scholars have stressed the attention given to this book, including Chafe,
Paradox
, 177–79, and Skolnick,
Embattled Paradise
, 71.

71.
Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 16.

72.
Harrison,
On Account of Sex
, 18; Women's Bureau memo cited in Chafe,
Unfinished Journey
, 85.

73.
Richard Fried,
Nightmare in Red: The McCarthy Era in Perspective
(New York, 1990), 165.

74.
Harrison,
On Account of Sex
, 16–23.

1.
Gary Gerstle,
Working-Class Americanism: The Politics of Labor in a Textile City
, 1914–1960 (New York, 1989), 278–309 (on Woonsocket, R.I.).

2.
Nelson Lichtenstein,
Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II
(New York, 1982).

3.
Nancy Gabin,
Feminism and the Labor Movement: Women and the United Automobile Workers
, 1935–1975 (Ithaca, 1990); Dorothy Cobble,
Dishing It Out: Waitresses and Their Unions in the 20th Century
(Urbana, 1991).

4.
Nelson Lichtenstein, "From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era," in Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds.,
The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order
, 1930–1980 (Princeton, 1989), 30; Jack Bloom,
Class, Race, and the Civil Rights Movement
(Bloomington, Ind., 1987).

5.
Melvyn Dubofsky,
The State and Labor in Modern America
(Chapel Hill, 1994), 188–95.

6.
Robert Zieger,
American Workers, American Unions
, 1920–1985 (Baltimore, 1986), 160.

7.
Ibid., 107.

8.
Ibid., 104–5, 159–60; Joseph Goulden,
The Best Years
, 1945–1950 (New York, 1976), 114; Godfrey Hodgson,
America in Our Time
(Garden City, N.Y., 1976), 92.

9.
Lichtenstein, "Corporatism"; David Halle and Frank Romo, "The Blue-Collar Working Class: Continuity and Change," in Alan Wolfe, ed.,
America at Century's End
(Berkeley, 1991), 152–78; Zieger,
American Workers
, 100–101.

10.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 110–12; Zieger,
American Workers
, 102. Other estimates put the average at $2,374. See
Statistical History of the United States, from Colonial Times to the Present
(New York, 1976), 164.

11.
Alan Wolfe,
America's Impasse: The Rise and Fall of the Politics of Growth
(New York, 1981), 13–79; Alonzo Hamby,
Beyond the New Deal: Harry S. Truman and American Liberalism
(New York, 1973), 66–68; Robert Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S. Truman
, 1945–1948 (New York, 1977), 119–22, 166–68; Goulden,
Best Years
, 113.

12.
Zieger,
American Workers
, 104.

13.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 118–20.

14.
John Barnard,
Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers
(Boston, 1983), 101–7.

15.
Alan Brinkley,
The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War
(New York, 1995); Brinkley, "The New Deal and the Idea of the State," in Fraser and Gerstle, eds.,
Rise and Fall
, 85–121.

16.
Nelson Lichtenstein, "Labor in the Truman Era: Origins of the 'Private Welfare State,'" in Michael Lacey, ed.,
The Truman Presidency
(Washington, 1989), 151.

17.
Barton Bernstein, "The Truman Administration and Its Reconversion Wage Policy,"
Labor History
, 4 (1965), 216–25.

18.
Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis
, 208–16; Robert Ferrell,
Harry S. Truman and the Modern Presidency
(Boston, 1983), 91–92; David McCullough,
Truman
(New York, 1992), 493–506; Goulden,
Best Years
, 121–22.

19.
Clark Clifford, "Serving the President: The Truman Years (1)," New
Yorker
, March 25,1991, pp. 54–55.

20.
Richard Pells,
The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the
1940s
and
1950s (New York, 1985), 59.

21.
Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine,
John L. Lewis: A Biography
(New York, 1978); Lichtenstein, "Labor," 138.

22.
Goulden,
Best Years
, 123.

23.
Ibid., 123–27.

24.
Ibid.; Donovan,
Conflict and Crisis
, 239–42; McCullough,
Truman
, 528–29; Truman,
Memoirs of Harry S. Truman
, Vol. 1,
Year of Decisions
(Garden City, N.Y., 1955), 552–56.

25.
Clifford, "Serving (1)," 57–59.

26.
Christopher Tomlins,
The State and the Unions: Labor Relations, Law, and the Organized Labor Movement in America, 1880–1960
(New York, 1985).

27.
Liechtenstein, "Labor," 421; Lichtenstein, "Corporatism," 134.

28.
Zieger,
American Workers
, 114.

29.
James Patterson,
Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft
(Boston, 1972), 352–66; R. Alton Lee,
Truman and Taft-Hartley: A Question of Mandate
(Lexington, Ky., 1966).

30.
Benjamin Aaron, "Amending the Taft-Hartley Act: A Decade of Frustration,"
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
, 11 (April 1958), 352–60.